Chemistry

@ January, My point was only for thesis writing, because the writing of it is perhaps a little more subjective than an article and therefore some ideas more difficult to explain in a non-native language. Plus (at least in France, I'm not familiar with other countries), PhD students are suposed to have a good level language, and even if it's not a piece of litterature, grammar and spelling errors are often tracked as a quality of the manuscript (sic). And of course, it's on the basis of the manuscript that you will be able to defend or not your PhD. Now, still in France, language of the manuscript is required to be French (with like I've already said, some exceptions for foreign students). You can however chose to write an article-based paper and this time you'll have chapters in english but some introduction/conclusion in French. I think it's not a so bad balance between both languages. Plus you'll have a developped abstract/keywords in english to help indexing it for more international audience. A last thing, still in France, is that you need (at least life sciences), to have one (or more) paper accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal in order to be allowed to defend your PhD, and this time I think it should be a requirement for this article to be written in english. I liked your example of your friend and I'm perfectly agreed with that, english is a powerful tool and we would never been able to master all the vocabulary we might want but yet been able to exchange points of view and discuss, and that's what is important. But oral and writing are not the same due to the lack of interaction of the latest (at least in publication, in RG hopefully that's not the case). For scientific articles, of course, except for some very specific ones adressed to a particular audience, there is no need to consider publish in an other language than english, it's the common language of science and therefore the perfect media to use, but the initial question was for master and PhD thesis and that was this question I tried to adress.

Hey, if I understand you right, you need help with the calculation. 20 µM means you need 20x10^-6 moles per liter, multiplicated with the MW of 270.24 g/mol, so 5.4048 milligrams per liter or 5.4048 micrograms per milliliter. The DMSO in the treatment medium should therefore not be a problem considering your substance's solubility, which is much higher. I'd recommend to set up a 1000x stock solution in DMSO (5.4048 mg/ml), resulting in 0,1 % final DMSO concentration which is usually not a problem for most cells. Theoretically, you could go down to approx. 0.02% if you make a saturated stock. For calculating stock solutions, this calculator may come in handy: http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/molarityform.cfm

You may have to first do a sizing spin column, collect the oligo-bio molecule conjugate along with the biomiolecule ( like sugars) or Peg, and then run an ion exchange spin column, to collect the logo-conjugate. This would work for non charged or positively charge bio molecules.

Your work is "open source" in that sense that you mentioned, yes. I think legal trouble will follow if you use the brand names and a) publish comparison results for monetary gain or b) publish any results that show how to reverse-engineer the manufacture of the actual product. Otherwise, if you submit a publication (journal article) only to compare the performance of two products in some way ... say you compare results of Dupont Dacron with 3-M Dacron in a tensile test ... then you should be ok. You are just doing the equivalent of what our agency called Consumer Reports does, for example.

In answer to your second question ... When all else in your measurement system is exactly the same and the overall activation energy of a given process changes, the position of the peak that you measure in TPR for that process will shift. The focus is on OVERALL activation energy, which itself is comprised of a combination of activation energies from each of the molecular steps in the process.

I have determined amino Functional Group Loading on chitosan beads using genipin with a standar curve done with glucosamine...

Indeed, Harry is the right person to ask. I briefly looked at the publication he suggested and was not able to find the answer. I am sorry, I did not take the question to be really serious. How precisely you want your measurements to be and what exactly you want to measure? It is very hard to precisely measure jet flow and for your special case spray flow. As I suggested, measuring the consumption of the liquid may give “some” measure, if this is what you want, but I probably wrongly assumed that you wanted to know what is flow of the liquid. Indeed, you may want to measure the gas flow too. Depending on the construction of the nozzle, more or less gas will almost always flow with the liquid. Either as a result of gas entrainment or because the venture effect is used to produce spray. The gas flow before the nozzle you can measure with various flowmeters before the gas would come to the nozzle to create aerosol, and add it to the liquid flow extrapolated from the consumption of the liquid. But they have their limits in precision also. The aerosol flow (liquid and gas together) probably cannot be measured directly because of the extreme turbulences. However, the total flow you may measure if you would blow your aerosol in a balloon put in a pletismograf, and then extrapolate from the volume (integrate), taking into account gas compression and temperature change. This will give quite good results.

Can you send the references. so that, i can help you more in this regard. Sorry for that Sonal

Use sodium nitrate

Depending on the degree of the contributions. Head of the team is last autor.

correct, even in water, PEDOT-PSS is not dissolved, but dispersed; the particle size is around 30 - 80 nm; it will not be possible to dissolve PEDOT-PSS in CHCl3, you would need to follow some more special synthesis and dispersion route, please consult this publication: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236865646_Progress_in_Science_and_Technology_of_Polyaniline_and_Poly-ethylenedioxythiophene?ev=srch_pub

Please do. My first name dot family name at gmail dot com

Assuming you use the same burette, reagents etc and you only change the reading you report the measurement error should be the same. Need also to report the error in liters.

Hi dear Abdualrahman You can use these two methods to check the purity of certain materials: 1. If your materials are proteins, one step SDS-PAGE can visualize your materials purity. 2. On the other hand, you can run an gel filtration column chromatography with G-100, G-50 or G-25 gel beads and the use spectroscopy to evaluate the purity. Cheers

Thanks a lot for your Guidance and Support

First go with vacuum distillation at appropriate pressure and then, may use solvent in which chloro benzene is soluble but not your product. This type of washing may be helpful.

Short understandable title-explain the problem or situation you are trying to solve-explain in simple terms the strategy you are performing to achieve such goal-and show results. Always talk/write in both, the scientific language and the common language for particular subjects difficult to understand.

Hi Nahid: The Stokes shift, by definition, is the shift (in wavelength or frequency) between absorption and emission. Most people read “absorption” to mean “excitation” in the context of Raman spectroscopy. In the context of florescence, absorption is what is meant. If the shift in emission is toward longer wavelengths or lower wavenumbers, the shift is said to be a Stokes shift. If the shift is toward shorter wavelengths, or larger wavenumbers, the shift is said to be an “anti-Stokes” shift. All else being equal, shifts toward the red (Stokes shifts) are invariably greater in intensity than shifts toward the blue (anti-Stokes shifts.) With respect to florescence, the shift is invariably Stokes (to the red) due to the quantum mechanical process of florescence. The shift is generally expressed in wavelength (e.g: nm). However, with respect to Raman effect, it’s possible to detect anti-Stokes lines (in addition to Stokes), but of lower intensity than the Stokes lines. And again, this is because of the quantum mechanical process of Raman scattering. Remember that in florescence, we have a true electronic transition and the information revealed is generally about the electronic configuration of the molecule (or even nano-particle these days). However, in Raman spectroscopy, you generally don’t want the laser excitation to be on an optical absorbance (though there are techniques that use a nearby resonance). The resulting Stokes lines represent the vibrational spectrum of the molecule. In Raman, if one takes the laser excitation, expressed in wavenumbers (1/cm) and then subtracts the frequencies (wavenumbers) of the Stokes lines, the plot of the transformed spectrum will be the traditional Raman spectrum as it appears in the 0 – 4000 1/cm (offset from excitation) range. Finally you might recall that a vibrational spectrum can give direct information about molecular structure, (bond connectivity, functional groups, etc.). For a (non-authoritative) description of the Stokes shift, Raman spectroscopy, or florescence, try the Wikipedia page. There are a number of very good books on Raman and Infrared spectroscopy and on florescence available at most good book stores. Try amazon.com or Barnes and Noble (www.bn.com). Any decent university library will likely have a number of good texts as well. I hope this helps!

The role is to have positive sites and to polarize the organic molecules

I have used ChemDoodle but I am back to ChemDraw. I am amazed no good app has been made to deal with this problem. You might try Schrodinger's Maestro program. It runs on a Mac and can do 2-d as well as 3-D images. It is easy to build molecules and it has a number of feature for evaluation of structures. If you are in academics it is free. schrodinger.com

Dear Chethan I believe you used a non-optimized TS structure for your IRC calculations. So i recommend you to perform QST2 or QST3 calculations in order to find a fine TS structure and approve it by freq calculations and then do IRCs.

Independently of the presence or not in the two matrices you mention I chromatographed (VARIAN 3700, FID) in 1988, minimum dectable quantities were 0.2-0.7 micrograms, with modern instruments this figures should be improved a lot.

Compounds derived plants contain terpenoids alkaloids, flavonoids carbohydrate, peptide etc. Solubility of compounds depend upon polarity, more polar compounds dissolve in more polar solvent, methanol is more polar than chloroform and ethyl acetate and in methanol , the compounds which is more polar and have tendency to form hydrogen bond are soluble in methanol, to isolate non polar or weakly polar compound require less polar compound one principle for solubility is like dissolves like

Answers always depend on the intended application query. If application is absent only speculation applies. So, ask the RIGHT question? If all else fails foils then wet fire them. Ni foil will become inert and Cu will not necessarily (I don't know). See 'Nickel by Hydrogen'. Also, delve into the preservation techniques used for archaeology finds.

Thanks for the replies. I found my institute had subscription to SciFinder. The database, though huge and irrelevant for my purpose, helped me.

agree with Edmond..better u try to under stand some basic chemical reaction...which will help u more accurately...though many software available to predict the reaction feasibility...(like gaussian, mopac, GAMESS, Firefly etc...) but u can predict reaction feasibility from this software only if u have basic understanding of chemistry...without understanding of chemistry u cant understand how to work on this software and how to analyse output data of these software...any software never directly tells u that this reaction occurs or not...u have to understand the output data....so better try some chemistry before going to any software....good luck...