Vytautas Čyras

Vilnius University · Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics Institute of Computer Science Department of Software Engineering

This paper explores the subject matter of legal informatics. The life-long work of the first author concerning the visualization and coding of statutes is generalized. Besides positive law and customary law, the emergence of machine law is a current topic of focus in the literature. In machine law, legal acts are posited by machines and not by huma...

The law occurs in a dual mode: a basic mode and an expert mode. In the basic mode, people predominantly experience the law in a situational and not a textual way. The people on the street move according to the consuetudinary law. In the expert mode, the law goes up textually to the professional lawyer. It becomes mostly about argumentation in profe...

The law occurs in a dual mode: a basic mode and an expert mode. In the basic mode, people predominantly experience the law in a situational and not a textual way. The people on the street move according to the consuetudinary law. In the expert mode, the law goes up textual-ly to the professional lawyer. It becomes mostly about argumentation in prof...

The meanings of law form an object of visualisation. As well as the types of legal situa-tions, the pre-textual interdependencies of the legal terms should be made visible. Situ-ations can be governed by legal machines. The research subject of digital humanities is the human, who is surrounded by digitally-based phenomena, whereas that of human dig...

This paper treats legal informatics as a scientific bridge between law and legal documentation. Ten layers are distinguished in the realm of law, e.g., phrase, sentence, sentence formation, and legal act. Four kinds of representation are distinguished in legal documentation (a document representation, a syntactic one, a semantic one, and a pragmati...

This paper treats legal informatics as a scientific bridge between law and legal documentation. Ten layers are distinguished in the realm of law, e.g., phrase, sentence, sentence formation, and legal act. Four kinds of representation are distinguished in legal documentation (a document representation, a syntactic one, a semantic one, and a pragmati...

The article starts with the view that symbolization/visualization precede formalization on the way to legal knowledge representation. The context is the changeover from a text culture to a machine culture in law. Formalising legal meanings reveals additional goals and makes them explicit. Specifically, open-texture in the law can be decreased. Inte...

This paper concerns arbitrary relations in law and extends beyond concrete types of legal relations. There is no established ontology of relations in the legal domain, although ontologies of legal concepts are discussed in literature. Different legal terms, such as duty, contract, debt, husband, etc. can be viewed as relations. However, on the meta...

Die Autoren befassen sich mit der «Bedeutung der Bedeutung». 1923 wurde dieses Thema bereits von Ogden und Richards als semiotisches Dreieck angesprochen. Die Autoren gehen allerdings auf die operative Behandlung rechtlicher Bedeutung ein. Sie unterscheiden zwei Arten von Bedeutungen: institutionelle und inhaltliche Bedeutung. Die letztere repräsen...

Slides

The authors formalise a taboo as a prohibition on speaking (informing). Three levels of norms are distinguished. First are basic prohibitions, Forbidden X, i.e. norms which prohibit basic actions, Norm(¬X). Second-level norms comprise primary taboos which prohibit information about facts or fakes, Norm(¬Inf(X)), but permit them to happen. Third-lev...

Slides

The law appears in legal texts and in typed legal situations. Textuality began to dominate with the reception of Roman law. The advancement of socially and legally used machines will decrease the importance of textuality and increase that of legal programming. Legal visualization fits this trend. The peculiarities of law form an object of visualiza...

The law appears in legal texts and in typed legal situations. Textuality began to dominate with the reception of Roman law. The advancement of socially and legally used machines will decrease the importance of textuality and increase that of legal programming. Legal visualization fits this trend. The peculiarities of law form an object of visualiza...

The authors formalise a taboo as a prohibition on speaking (informing). Three levels of norms are distinguished. First are basic prohibitions, Forbidden X, i.e. norms which prohibit basic actions, Norm(¬X). Second-level norms comprise primary taboos which prohibit information about facts or fakes, Norm(¬Inf(X)), but permit them to happen. Third-lev...

Different views on law determine the separate representations of legal meanings in information systems. This paper is concerned with the legal and legal documentation system as well as their interconnectedness. An exploratory research on the operational treatment of legal meaning is presented. The research question is based on how should the legal...

Hajime Yoshino's Logical Jurisprudence (LJ) is an important concept in legal informatics. Yoshino aims for a logic-based systematization in the legal domain. He focuses on legal reasoning and systematization. Inevitably, embracing law as a whole brings us to Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law. In sum, three issues are important in LJ: logic, Kelsen a...

Hajime Yoshino’s Logical Jurisprudence (LJ) is an important concept in legal informatics. Yoshino aims for a logic-based systematization in the legal domain. He focuses on legal reasoning and systematization. Inevitably, embracing law as a whole brings us to Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law. In sum, three issues are important in LJ: logic, Kelsen a...

This paper concerns the legal system and legal documentation systems, as well as their interconnectedness and introduces the idea of legal sublevels. Examples of legal sublevels are legal terms, ontologies, annotations, commentaries, etc. A sublevel is treated as a representation level of the legal domain. In terms of software engineering, a sublev...

Legal data science, as part of legal informatics, serves as the integrative model of computer-supported representation and analysis techniques. Structural visualization deals with diagrams and represents the semantics of law. We aim at applications for visual navigation in legal documentation systems. We propose the visualization of meaning as a te...

This paper concerns the legal system and legal documentation, as well as their interconnectedness. In the term metalevel, we use the prefix meta with the meaning of with and across and not beyond. The granularity problem is in our view. Legal documentation does not reproduce a legal source one-to-one. Examples of legal metalevels are legal terms, o...

Mit dem Buch «Kennst du das Recht?» Ein Sachbuch für Kinder und Jugendliche hat eine bemerkenswerte Serie der Rechtsvisualisierung ihren Ausgang genommen: Einerseits finden sich darin mehrere visuelle Ansätze, von Ablaufdiagrammen, Fotos über gemalte Abbildungen bis hin zu Kinderzeichnungen. Das Buch adressiert nicht professionelle Kreise sondern w...

This paper concerns the legal system and legal documentation, as well as their interconnectedness. In the term metalevel, we use the prefix meta with the meaning of with and across and not beyond. The granularity problem is in our view. Legal documentation does not reproduce a legal source one-to-one. Examples of legal metalevels are legal terms, o...

Mit dem Buch «Kennst du das Recht?» Ein Sachbuch für Kinder und Jugendliche hat eine bemerkenswerte Serie der Rechtsvisualisierung ihren Ausgang genommen: Einerseits finden sich darin mehrere visuelle Ansätze, von Ablaufdiagrammen, Fotos über gemalte Abbildungen bis hin zu Kinderzeichnungen. Das Buch adressiert nicht professionelle Kreise sondern w...

This paper reviews visualizations in legal informatics. We focus on the transition from traditional rule-based linear textual representation such as "if A then B" to two-and three-dimensional ones and films. A methodology of visualization with the thought pattern of tertium comparationis can be attributed to Arthur Kaufmann. A tertium visualization...

A distinction between legislative texts and legal texts lies in open formulations. Legislative texts allow alternative formulations. In contrast, the wording of a valid legal text is fixed. The sole variation of a legal text is its interpretation. At a decision-making point in a legislative process the interpretation is basically open. However, it...

This paper investigates an approach which is called structural legal visualization (SLV). It is about diagrammatical views which facilitate comprehension of the meaning of legal contents. Complexity reduction is a motive. An issue is the complexity of the entire legal system and the layman's limited ability to understand legal institutions and the...

This paper attempts to define the software compliance and transparency problem. This constitutes a high level holistic view. The context is the changeover from a text culture to a machine culture. Note that equal access to e-procedures does not guarantee justice. The transparency of the law leads to the transparency of software and hence challenges...

One of the prevalent applications implicated temporal information is Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems. The representation of temporal aspects offers a particular challenge. We need to define a good set of features that are able to represent well the different temporal aspects required in EHR, where data are temporal in nature. This paper focu...

This paper attempts to define the transparency problem. The context is the changeover from a text culture to a machine culture in law. The paradigm change to electronic procedures reveals new contexts for justice. Note that equal access to e-procedures does not guarantee justice. The transparency of the law leads to the transparency of programs. We...

This paper presents the landscape of legal informatics which was originally drawn and explained by Friedrich Lachmayer. The landscape is a mental map, and I attempt to interpret it. The work stems from numerous conversations with Lachmayer. His method of legal visualisation is briefly tackled in this paper, although one should note that the method...

In this paper we hold that the two modes of obligation, in the same way as legal terms, constitute the subject matter of a legal thesaurus. Moreover, we propose to consider three more relations while developing a legal thesaurus and ontology. These are three types of weak relations: dialectical relations, context relations and metaphorical relation...

Although legal informatics is on the periphery of jurisprudence, it can make a significant impact on the centre in respect of legal dogmatics. We believe that the impact from legal informatics can be reached through situational legal visualisation and situational terms, for example, by correcting the boundaries of legal terms. The latter is the sub...

Section 1 of this paper follows entirely a scenario from the article “Engineering Compliant Software: Advising Developers by Automating Legal Reasoning” by D. Oberle, F. Drefs, R. Wacker, C. Baumann and O. Raabe, SCRIPTed (2012) 9:3, 280–313, where it serves as a running example. It demonstrates that data transfer violates the law. This motivating...

This is a presentation at Computer Days - 2013, the annual conference of Lthuanian Computer Society, 19-21.9.2013, Šiauliai, Lithuania, http://www.liks.lt/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=61. Section 1 of this paper follows entirely a scenario from the article “Engineering Compliant Software: Advising Developers by Automating Legal Reasoning” by D...

The concept of legal machine is elaborated: first, the creation of institutional facts by machines, and, second, multimodal communication of legal content to humans. Examples are traffic lights, vending machines, workflows, etc. Machines can be imposed status-functions of legal actors. Their acts have legal importance and draw legal consequences. T...

This paper attempts to separate legal informatics methods which deal with situations and cases respectively. The aim is to base the distinctions on the legal theory and to develop a theoretical framework. A comparison is presented in the table which lists distinctions. We make an attempt to describe key elements of such a theory and to provide a no...

This paper attempts to separate legal informatics methods which deal with situations and cases respectively. The aim is to base the distinctions on the legal theory and to develop a theoretical framework. A comparison is presented in the table which lists distinctions. We make an attempt to describe key elements of such a theory and to provide a no...

The paper explores the building of a bridge between legal texts and their representations in computers. We believe that the path connecting the legal text to logic programming requires intermediate steps. Thus an approach in legal informatics is identified which is called Multiphase Transformation (MuPT). Intermediaries are important, as additional...

This presentation is about visualization in the domain of legal informatics. We propose an approach to visualization which is called sequential legal visualization (SLV). It is about a sequence of images which facilitates the comprehension of the meaning of legal contents. Visualising legal meaning differs from data visualization and information vi...

Slides presented at Recht und Logik, August 2012, Munich, http://rechtundlogik2012.quantius.org/. This analysis takes granularity as a starting point. We start from the question what the smallest entity is. In ancient Greece this question was asked by philosophers and Democritus’ answer was “the atom” (‘indivisible’). Since that time physicists dis...

We start from the Klaus Julisch’s (2008) IT compliance problem definition and make an attempt to formulate the enterprise architecture compliance problem (EACP). The challenging issues comprise the complexity of the law phenomenon, compliance frameworks and methodologies to check EA for non-compliance with laws and regulations. We hold that a compl...

Mit dem von ihr thematisierten Forschungsgebiet des Multisensorischen Rechts hat Colette R. Brunschwig von der Universität Zürich einen relevanten Paradigmenwechsel für Rechtstheorie und Rechtsinformatik eingeleitet: Für die Rechtstheorie durch die Ausweitung der Sicht auf das Recht als Gegenstand der Rechtstheorie und für die Rechtsinformatik im H...

This paper is devoted to an experimental work conducted within the FP6 SKY-Scanner project. The aim of the project is to develop new lidar (laser radar, LIght Detection And Ranging) equipment. Radar and lidar data fusion is a requirement. One work package was devoted to decision support model design and development. The proof of the concept decisio...

This paper addresses enterprise architecture (EA) compliance framework. A meth-odology to check EA non-compliance with laws and regulations is still a challenge. We think that a compliance methodology should take into account “shared” relevant laws and a requirements engineering framework. We continue discussing the view of enterprise architects on...

This paper addresses enterprise architecture (EA) compliance framework. A methodology to check EA non-compliance with laws and regulations is still a challenge. We think that a compliance methodology should take into account "shared" relevant laws and a requirements engineering framework. We continue discussing the view of enterprise architects on...

Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law is the most prominent and influential legal theory for continental law systems. Kelsen's book contains only text – neither logical notation nor pictures. Despite of this, an impression is that Hans Kelsen himself had very clear imagination. In our contribution we make an attempt to start visualizations of his theore...

This paper expands on the concept of legal machine which was presented first at IRIS 2011 in Salzburg. The research subjects are (1) the creation of institutional facts by machines, and (2) multimodal communication of legal content to humans. Simple examples are traffic lights and vending machines. Complicated examples are computer-based informatio...

Slides. 25th IVR World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy "Law, Science, Technology", 15-20 August 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Article see: 25th IVR World Congress: Law Science and Technology, 15–20 August 2011, Paper Series No. 026/2012, Series A: Methodology, Logics, Hermeneutics, Linguistics, Law and Finance, 18 p. Electronic publi...

In this article, I reflect on the legal frameworks that affect virtual worlds. In particular, I focus on the use of non-game three-dimensional online virtual worlds such as Second Life, for purposes of education and training. These worlds are also known as “serious” games. Pictured below is an example of such a “serious” game: a possible learning s...

Allso published in electronic journal Jusletter IT, Die Zeitschrift für IT und Recht, 24 February 2011, Editions Weblaw, Bern, ISSN 1664-848X, http://jusletter-eu.weblaw.ch/issues/2011/106.html. Since Aristotle, legal philosophy explores and develops its concept of the iustitia distributiva. Currently, a trend in legal informatics both transforms a...

Since Aristotle, legal philosophy explores and develops its concept of the iustitia distributiva. Currently, a trend in legal informatics both transforms and adopts long-established traditional cognitive patterns of (legal) philosophy. For example, it reveals the antique and medieval roots of (legal) ontologies. Similarly, new concepts of societal...

This paper reports on the development of two alternative visualizations of airport requirements for approach and departure trajectories. The work is undertaken within the FP6 SKY-Scanner project that develops a new lidar (laser radar, LIght Detection And Ranging) equipment. Radar and lidar data fusion provides the SKY-Scanner system with exact airc...

The paper advocates the view that visualization and symbolization precede formalization on the way to legal knowledge representation. Hence, an attempt is made to formalize the semantics of a fundamental legal concept. The visual metaphor of a continuous landscape with a path is used to convey the landscape of legal teleology; it is called a sinnla...

This paper reports on the development of two alternative visualizations of airport requirements for approach and departure trajectories. The work is undertaken within the FP6 SKY-Scanner project that develops a new lidar (laser radar, LIght Detection And Ranging) equipment. Radar and lidar data fusion provides the SKY-Scanner system with exact airc...

This paper reports on 3D visualization of airport requirements for approach and departure trajectories. The work is undertaken within the FP6 SKY-Scanner project that develops a new lidar (laser radar, LIght Detection And Ranging) equipment. The fusion of radar and lidar data improves aircraft surveillance within aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ). We pr...

The paper is devoted to a legal framework of a three-dimensional virtual world. Here visualization and symbolization precede formalization on the way to construction and legal knowledge representation. Thus the visualization of virtual world issues can have a favourable effect on modelling, formal representation and implementation. The paper also i...

The paper addresses the purposes and design decisions produced while developing a peer-to-peer virtual world platform. The work is being done within the FP7 VirtualLife project. The purpose of the project is to create a safe, democratic and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is mainly in the issues of security and...

Also in e-journal Jusletter IT, 1 September 2010, Editions Weblaw, Bern, ISSN 1664-848X, http://jusletter-eu.weblaw.ch/magnoliaPublic/issues/2010/102.html. The paper addresses operationalisation of legal rules in online 3D virtual world software. The development is performed in the frame of a virtual world platform within the FP7 VirtualLife proje...

The paper addresses operationalisation of legal rules in online 3D virtual world software. The development is performed in the frame of a virtual world platform within the FP7 VirtualLife project, which pursues the goal to create a secure and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is an in-world legal framework, which...

The paper addresses the implementation of legal rules in online virtual world software. The development is performed within a peer-to-peer virtual world platform in the frame of the FP7 VirtualLife project. The goal of the project is to create a serious, secure and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is an in-world...

The paper addresses the implementation of legal rules in online virtual world software. The development is performed within a peer-to-peer virtual world platform in the frame of the FP7 VirtualLife project. The goal of the project is to create a serious, secure and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is an in-world...

The paper addresses the implementation of legal rules in online virtual world software. The development is performed within a peer-to-peer virtual world platform in the frame of the FP7 VirtualLife project. The goal of the project is to create a serious, secure and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is an in-world...

The paper is devoted to a legal framework of a three-dimensional virtual world. Here visualization and symbolization precede formalization on the way to construction and legal knowledge representation. Thus the visualization of virtual world issues can have a favourable effect on modelling, formal representation and implementation. The paper also i...

A landscape of legal teleology: formalization through visualization. In: Targamadze, A., Butleris, R., Butkiene, R. (eds.) Information Technologies’ 2010 – Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information and Software Technologies, IT 2010, pp. 39–46. Kaunas University of Technology. ISSN 2029-0020, 2029-0063

The paper addresses the purposes and design decisions produced while developing a peer-to-peer virtual world platform. The work is being done within the FP7 VirtualLife project. The purpose of the project is to create a safe, democratic and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is mainly in the issues of security and...

This paper addresses the purposes, design decisions and innovative features produced while developing a peer-to-peer virtual world platform within the FP7 VirtualLife project. VirtualLife project aims to create a safe, democratic and legally ruled collaboration environment to be used for business, education and entertainment. The novelty of the pla...

Published in E. Schweighofer (ed.) Semantic Web and Social Networks in Legal Informatics. Proceedings of the 12th International Legal Informatics Symposium IRIS 2009, pp. 321–327. OCG Vienna, ISBN 978-3-85403-259-5. Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished though both are knowledge management,processes. Know...

Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished, though both are knowledge management processes. Knowledge visualization is subject to humans, whereas knowledge representation – to computers. In computing, knowledge representation leverages reasoning of software agents. Thus, KR is a branch of artificial intelligenc...

Also published in e-journal Jusletter IT, 1 September 2009, Editions Weblaw, Bern, ISSN 1664-848X, http://jusletter-eu.weblaw.ch/magnoliaPublic/issues/2009/101.html. Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished, though both are knowledge management processes. Knowledge visualization is subject to humans, whereas...

Also published in e-journal Jusletter IT, 1 September 2009, Editions Weblaw, Bern, ISSN 1664-848X, http://jusletter-eu.weblaw.ch/magnoliaPublic/issues/2009/101.html. Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished, though both are knowledge management processes. Knowledge visualization is subject to humans, whereas...

The paper addresses the implementation of legal rules in online virtual world software. The development is performed within a peer-to-peer virtual world platform in the frame of the FP7 VirtualLife project. The goal of the project is to create a serious, secure and legally ruled collaboration environment. The novelty of the platform is an in-world...