Wajid Aziz

University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir | AJKU · Department of Computer Sciences and Information Technology

The machine learning based techniques for detection of lungs cancer can assist the clinicians in assessing the risk of pulmonary nodules being malignant. We are developing non-invasive methods to accurately distinguish the non-small cell cancer carcinoma (NSCLC) from small cell cancer carcinoma (SCLC) brain metastases. In this study, we extracted m...

Concept-based sentiment analysis (CBSA) methods have gained prominence in natural language processing in recent years. These methods consider the underlying semantic meanings of text to perform different tasks such as Twitter sentiment analysis (assigning positive, negative, or neutral sentiment to Tweets). CBSA is superior to traditional statistic...

Growth restricted children have higher predisposition of developing metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular problems in later life. Numerous intelligence systems that have proved their effectiveness for detection of cardiac abnormalities to support medical diagnosis. Previous studies used heart rate variability (HRV) an...

Accurate classification of brain tumor subtypes is important for prognosis and treatment. In this study, we optimized and applied non‐deep learning methods based on hand‐crafted features and deep learning methods based on transfer learning using softmax as classification and KNN and SVM as classification for features extracted from deep features of...

Accurate prediction of particulate matter (PM) using time series data is a challenging task. The recent advancements in sensor technology, computing devices, nonlinear computational tools, and machine learning (ML) approaches provide new opportunities for robust prediction of PM concentrations. In this study, we develop a hybrid model for forecasti...

In the present study, based on the multivariate nature of images from lung cancer, we extracted autoencoder, reconstruction independent component analysis (RICA) and sparse filters features along with traditional texture and morphological features. The machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Gaussian, radial base funct...

The gait speed affects the gait patterns (biomechanical and spatiotemporal parameters) of distinct age populations. Classification of normal, slow and fast walking is fundamental for understanding the effects of gait speed on the gait patterns and for proper evaluation of alternations associated with it. In this study, we extracted multimodal featu...

In this study, we ranked the Multimodal Features extracted from Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) subjects. We categorized the ranked features into 1 to 5 categories based on Empirical Receiver Operating Characteristics (EROC) values. Instead of using all multimodal features, we use high ranking features for detection of...

Growth restricted children have higher predisposition of developing metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular problems in later life. Researchers have developed numerous intelligence systems that have proved their effectiveness for detection of cardiac abnormalities to support medical diagnosis. Previous studies used hear...

1 Abstract-A High Dynamic Range (HDR) image produced from a sequence of low dynamic range (LDR) images can contain motion artefacts (ghosting) if the scene contains moving objects. Conventional de-ghosting methods first detect moving objects in the scene, and then either remove those moving objects totally or reconstruct them. However, these method...

Aims: To study societal determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) and elaborate the role of community pharmacist for its management. Study Design: To investigate the societal determinants of anemia, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Muzaffarabad district of AJK, Pakistan. Methodology: We collected the data from 384 wom...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is leading cause of mortality in the developing countries. This study was to determine the prevalence and awareness of risk factors for CAD in apparently healthy Government servants employed in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Secretariat Muzaffarabad. A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted involving 51...

Electricity, a fundamental commodity, must be generated as per required utilization which cannot be stored at large scales. The production cost heavily depends upon the source such as hydroelectric power plants, petroleum products, nuclear and wind energy. Besides overproduction and underproduction, electricity demand is driven by metrological para...

Background: The medical researchers are developing different non-invasive methods for early detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) when pharmacological interventions are still possible to further prevent the disease progression. The NDDs are associated with the degradation in the complex gait dynamics and motor activity. The classification...

The time irreversibility is a characteristic feature of biological systems and its presence in heart rate (HR) is due to the complex dynamical process involved in the controlling mechanism of cardiovascular system (CVS). In this study, we propose a novel method referred to time irreversibility using visibility motifs (TIVM) for quantifying temporal...

The dynamical fluctuations in the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) signals show structures at multiple time scales revealing that complexity of the autonomic nervous system control of the heart is multiscale and hierarchical. Multiscale Entropy (MSE) and its variant Composite MSE (CMSE) were proposed to quantify the complexity at multiple time scales,...

Particulate matters (PMs) are considered as one of the air pollutants generally associated with poor air quality in both outdoor and indoor environments. The composition, distribution and size of these particles hazardously affect the human health causing cardiovascular health problems, lung dysfunction, respiratory problems, chronic obstructive pu...

Twitter sentiment analysis is a challenging problem in natural language processing. For this purpose, supervised learning techniques have mostly been employed, which require labeled data for training. However, it is very time consuming to label datasets of large size. To address this issue, unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering can be...

Sleep is regulated autonomously with circadian behavior. The sleep disorders greatly impact major sleep disturbances in patients suffered from Parkinson’s disease (PD) and epilepsy affecting sleep at night and increased abnormality of muscles tones during NREM stage. The aim of this research is to quantify the dynamics of different sleep pathologie...

The adaptability of heart to external and internal stimuli is reflected by the heart rate variability (HRV). Reduced HRV can be a predictor of negative cardiovascular outcomes. Based on the nonlinear, nonstationary, and highly complex dynamics of the controlling mechanism of the cardiovascular system, linear HRV measures have limited capability to...

A new tone-mapping algorithm is presented for visualization of high dynamic range (HDR) images on low dynamic range (LDR) displays. In the first step, the real-world pixel intensities of the HDR image are transformed to a perceptual domain using the perceptual-quantizer (PQ). This is followed by construction of the histogram of the luminance channe...

Societal determinants of health are of recognized importance for understanding the causal association of society and health of an individual. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a challenging public health problem across the globe instigating from a broader sociocultural background. It is more prevalent among pregnant women, children under the age of f...

Machine learning (ML) offers several supervised learning algorithms to build classifiers for developing accurate decision support systems. However, the selection of robust classifier for reliable decision making in healthcare domain is three-fold: accuracy, refraining for low confidence decisions, and the cost of decisions. In the field of medical...

Background: Brain neural activity is measured using electroencephalography (EEG) recording from the scalp. The EEG motor/imagery tasks help disabled people to communicate with the external environment. Objective: In this paper, robust multiscale sample entropy (MSE) and wavelet entropy measures are employed using topographic maps' analysis and t...

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality across the globe. Approximately 9.6 million people are estimated to have died due to cancer disease in 2019. Accurate and early prediction of cancer can assist healthcare professionals to devise timely therapeutic innervations to control sufferings and the risk of mortality. Generally, a machine learn...

Twitter sentiment analysis is a challenging task that involves various preprocessing steps including dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction helps ensure low computational complexity and performance improvement during the classification process. In Twitter data, each tweet has feature values which may or may not reflect a person’s respon...

The prediction of atmospheric particulate matter (APM) concentration is essential to reduce adverse effects on human health and to enforce emission restrictions. The dynamics of APM are inherently nonlinear and chaotic. Phase space reconstruction (PSR) is one of the widely used methods for chaotic time series analysis. The APM mass concentrations a...

Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer related deaths worldwide with poor survival due to poor diagnostic system at the advanced cancer stage. In the past, researchers developed computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems which were greatly used by the radiologist for identifying the abnormalities and applied few features extracting methods. The physi...

Shape-from-focus (SFF) technique is to recover three dimensional shape of an object from a sequence of two dimensional images of the same object taken by gradually changing the focus settings of the imaging device. In SFF, for each pixel location (i, j), a focus measure operator computes sharpness (focus) value on small neighborhood of the pixel (i...

Horizontal visibility graph (HVG) motifs have been recently introduced to analyse the dynamical information encoded by biological signals. However, the result of the analysis strongly depends on the selected window size of the motifs. Different sizes ranging from 3 to 5 have been previously used but such small window sizes are insufficient to cope...

Cardiac arrhythmias are disturbances in the rhythm of the heart manifested by irregularity or by abnormally fast rates (‘tachycardia’) or abnormally slow rates (‘bradycardias’). In the past researchers extracted different features extracting strategies to detect the arrhythmia. Since, signals acquired from subjects suffered with arrhythmia are mult...

Biological signals represent patterns of change in the rhythms of biological systems providing a complementary way to study the dynamics of these systems. The research reported in this paper is based on methodological approaches used to quantify the dynamical fluctuations of neurophysiological systems. We use time-frequency representation (TFR) tec...

Considerable interest has been devoted for developing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of healthy biological systems and how these dynamics are affected due to aging and disease. Entropy based complexity measures have widely been used for quantifying the dynamics of physical and biological systems. These techniques have provided valuable info...

Background: Biological systems exhibit non-linear and spatiotemporal dynamics and structures even at rest. Humans demonstrate a remarkable ability to generate accurate and appropriate motor behaviour under many different and often uncertain environmental conditions. There are many motor movement tasks like eye open and close conditions, hand moveme...

In this paper, we have employed K-d tree algorithmic based multiscale entropy analysis (MSE) to distinguish alcoholic subjects from non-alcoholic ones. Traditional MSE techniques have been used in many applications to quantify the dynamics of physiological time series at multiple temporal scales. However, this algorithm requires O(N²), i.e. exponen...

Objective: Epilepsy is a neuronal disorder for which the electrical discharge in the brain is synchronized, abnormal and excessive. To detect the epileptic seizures and to analyse brain activities during different mental states, various methods in non-linear dynamics have been proposed. This study is an attempt to quantify the complexity of contro...

The electrophysiological brain activities are nonlinear in nature as measured by Electroencephalography (EEG). There are coherent activities in brain not only seen during explicit tasks but also during rest. This article aims to investigate the Wavelet based Phase coherence of oscillations of eye closed and eye open signals during resting states. T...

The dynamical fluctuations in the rhythms of biological systems provide valuable information about the underlying functioning of these systems. During the past few decades analysis of cardiac function based on the heart rate variability (HRV; variation in R wave to R wave intervals) has attracted great attention, resulting in more than 17000-public...

Indoor radon-in-air (IR) concentrations in dwellings situated on a fault line passing underneath Muzaffarabad City were measured with a continuous radon monitor. Measurements were taken at half an hour intervals at 11 sites for 48 h. The values ranged from 14 ± 1 to 155 ± 4 Bq.m− 3 with an average value of 42 ± 2 Bq.m−3. The geometric mean (GM), st...

The present study was carried out for quantification of non-linear dynamics and chaos of ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Muzaffarabad city. PM1.0 and PM2.5 concentrations were monitored at six different locations for a continuous 6 h period. The linear behavior of the acquired time series data was analyzed using descriptive statis...

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a worldwide method used for recording fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during pregnancy and delivery. The consistent visual assessment of the CTG is not only time consuming but also requires expertise and clinical knowledge of the obstetricians. The inconsistency in visual evaluation can be eliminated by developin...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality in the developing countries. The aim of the study was to check the association of Myocardial infarction (MI) with several factors such as smoking & smoking exposure, blood pressure, sugar & cholesterol level, stress, anxiety & lifestyle. A cross sectional community based survey was condu...

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality in the developing countries. The aim of the study was to check the association of Myocardial infarction (MI) with several factors such as smoking & smoking exposure, blood pressure, sugar & cholesterol level, stress, anxiety & lifestyle. A cross sectional community based survey was condu...

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to measure the electrical activity of brain signals by electrodes attached to the scalp at multiple locations. In this study we used the EEG signals of Alcoholic and Control subjects were obtained from Machine Learning repository according to the 10-20 International System. There were 29 subjects from contro...

Human beings are continuously exposed to the radiations coming from outside and inside their bodies. Outside and inside radiations are coming from ground, building materials, food, air, the universe and even elements within human own bodies. According to UNSCEAR 2000 report, background radiations deliver an average effective dose of 2.4 mSv per per...

Brain electrical activity as reflected in Electroencephalography (EEG) have been analyzed and diagnosed using various techniques. Among them complexity measure, nonlinearity, disorder and unpredictability play vital role due to nonlinear interconnection between functional and anatomical subsystem emerged in brain in healthy state and during various...

The guide Heart rate signals provide valuable information for assessing the state of autonomic nervous system that control functioning of heart. Heart rate variability analysis is an important non-invasive tool that has been widely used for assessing autonomic control of heart using linear and non-linear techniques since last three decades. Differe...

The guide Heart rate signals provide valuable information for assessing the state of autonomic nervous system that control functioning of heart. Heart rate variability analysis is an important non-invasive tool that has been widely used for assessing autonomic control of heart using linear and non-linear techniques since last three decades. Differe...

A theoretical analysis is presented for the peristaltic motion of a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) non-Newtonian fluid in channel with complaint walls. The fluid obeys viscoelastic non-Newtonian model with Burger’s constitutive equation. The relevant equations are first developed and then solved using perturbation technique. Expressions of stream funct...

The dynamical fluctuations of biological signals provide a unique window to construe the underlying mechanism of the biological systems in health and disease. Recent research evidences suggest that a wide class of diseases appear to degrade the biological complexity and adaptive capacity of the system. Heart rate signals are one of the most importa...

There are several factors that have confounded the prediction of radon levels in domestic environment based upon short term measurements. • Short term measurements are very subject to significant diurnal variations. • Similarly, determining accurate annual values from measurements taken over a day or few days or even for few months requires the app...

Face detection technique is used for face authentication and verification and face detection is a front part of face recognition. It is used in many fields such as authentication security, video surveillance and human interaction system. In this paper we have collected data of 400 faces from school students in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. Besides, 5...

Face detection technique is used for face authentication and verification and face detection is a front part of face recognition. It is used in many fields such as authentication security, video surveillance and human interaction system. In this paper we have collected data of 400 faces from school students in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. Besides, 5...

Radiation effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary-layer flow and heat transfer characteristic through a porous medium due to an exponentially stretching sheet have been studied. Formulation of the problem is based upon the variable thermal conductivity. The heat transfer analysis is carried out for both prescribed surface temperature (PST) an...

Signals obtained from biological systems exhibit pronounced complexity. The patterns of change contain valuable information about the dynamics of underlying control mechanism of the complex biological systems. Human gait is a complex process with multiple inputs and numerous outputs. Various complexity analysis tools have been proposed to extract i...

The chronological vacillations in the stride to stride interval provide a noninvasive method to assess the influence of malfunction of human gait and its alterations with disease and age. To extract information from the human stride interval, various complexity analysis techniques have been proposed. In the present study, the comparison of two rece...

Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) individuals have greater predisposition to develop a metabolic syndrome in later life manifesting itself as obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Poor fetal growth may alter the regularity mechanism of cardiac autonomic system that is involved in the development of these diseases. Th...

Epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a significant threat to humankind. This threat is more alarming to developing countries, where poverty and illiteracy may contribute towards higher risk for HIV transmission. To preclude the further feast of HIV, it is very important that people should have a...

Epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a significant threat to humankind. This threat is more alarming to developing countries, where poverty and illiteracy may contribute towards higher risk for HIV transmission. To preclude the further feast of HIV, it is very important that people should have a...

Sugarcane is a sugar producing crop widely distributed in the mostly areas of Pakistan. The present research was aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, prolin, glycin betain and phenolic contents against polyethylene glycol. Aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity aginst PEG. Antioxidant activity was eva...

Background: Epidemic of anemia is considered to be a significant threat to pregnant women or women in child bearing age. Anemia is one of the major nutritional health disorders affecting significant proportion of population not only in developing countries but also in developed coun-tries. This threat is more alarming in developing countries where...

Non-optimal fetal growth has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart diseases in later life. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method reflecting autonomic cardiac function and decreased heart rate variability has been associated with arrhythmic complications in humans. This study compares the result of linear and non-l...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. The regularity mechanism of cardiovascular system is under the control of autonomic nervous system (ANS). The non-optimal fetal growth may alter the development of the ANS and this appears to persist in later life. The aim of t...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical solution for the problem of steady laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of viscous incompressible fluid. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose a two dimensional code has been developed to simulate the natural convection heat transfer along a vertical cylinder, for four di...

Complex variations have been observed in heart rate. Analysis of these variations, i.e., heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has become an important non-invasive technique to study the sympathovagal interactions in physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing efforts were made in the development of HRV measures for quantifying heart rate...

The stride interval of human gait fluctuates in complex fashion. It reflects the rhythm of the locomotor system. The temporal fluctuations in the stride interval provide us a non-invasive technique to evaluate the effects of neurological impairments on gait and its changes with age and disease. In this paper, we have used threshold dependent symbol...

Time series derived from simpler systems are single scale based and thus can be quantified by using traditional measures of entropy. However, times series derived from physical and biological systems are complex and show structures on multiple spatio-temporal scales. Traditional approaches of entropy based complexity measures fail to account for mu...

Variability in quantitative data arises from many potential sources including natural temporal dynamics of neuro motor control, pathologies of neurological or musculo skeletal system, aging effects, as well as variations in the external environment. Stride interval is one of the outputs of highly integrated and multilayered complex gait process. St...

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a non-invasive and reliable means to assess an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Heart rate is a non-stationary signal that may contain indicators of current diseases and sometimes warnings about impending diseases. In this paper, we have proposed the threshold-based acceleration change index (TACI) f...

Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias, especially Ventricular Fibrillation, are the primary arrhythmias which are cause of sudden death. The object of this study is to characterize Ventricular Fibrillation prior to its onset because only care is in-time defibrillation. Two prediction methodologies are being presented here i.e. Neural Network and Nearest Nei...

Heart role variability (HRV) analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for autonomic nervous balance assessment. In this paper, we have proposed threshold based acceleration change index (TACI), for HRV analysis, which is closely related to the acceleration change index (ACI). ACI index characterizes the sign of difference of time series, whereas, for T...

Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias (VTs), especially ventricular fibrillation (VF), are the primary arrhythmias which are cause of sudden death. The object of this study is to characterize VF prior to its onset. Two prediction methods are being presented using neuro-wavelets approach. ECGs of patients are studied having three types of VTs i.e. Ventricula...