Governance - Science topic

Since the 1979 revolution, Iran has experienced a prolonged and multifaceted process of mass death, systemic violence, and large-scale human capital destruction. Unlike conventional genocides defined by rapid and explicit extermination, this process has unfolded gradually through executions, war, political repression, state-sponsored violence against civilians, and long-term policy failures leading to indirect mortality and forced migration. This article proposes a structural framework to analyze these phenomena collectively, arguing that the cumulative human cost constitutes a form of silent or slow-motion Holocaust, largely overlooked in global discourse.

1. Introduction: Rethinking Mass Atrocity

The concept of “Holocaust” is traditionally reserved for rapid, industrial-scale genocide. However, contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes slow violence, structural killing, and policy-induced mortality as equally devastating mechanisms of mass human loss.

Post-1979 Iran represents a case where death, displacement, and societal depletion have occurred not through a single catastrophic event, but via layered and sustained state actions and failures over more than four decades.

This article seeks to systematize these losses into coherent categories and examine their cumulative impact.

2. Category I: Revolutionary Executions (1979–early 1980s)

In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, thousands of individuals associated with the former regime, intellectual elites, military officers, judges, and perceived dissidents were executed—often without due process.

These executions served not only as physical elimination but also as a symbolic purge of institutional memory and professional expertise, marking the first wave of human capital destruction.

3. Category II: The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

The eight-year war resulted in:

Hundreds of thousands of deaths and severe injuries

A generation of young men lost or permanently disabled

Long-term psychological trauma and socio-economic regression

Strategic decisions that prolonged the war far beyond defensible military necessity transformed it into a demographic catastrophe, with civilian and conscript populations bearing disproportionate costs.

4. Category III: Mass Execution of Political Prisoners (1988)

One of the most documented yet insufficiently addressed atrocities is the mass execution of political prisoners in 1988.

These killings targeted individuals who were already incarcerated, tried, and serving sentences—constituting a retroactive death penalty based on ideological nonconformity.

From a legal and ethical perspective, this event represents:

Extrajudicial killing

Elimination of ideological diversity

Institutionalization of terror as governance

5. Category IV: Assassinations and Transnational Terror

Political assassinations—both domestic and international—targeted:

Intellectuals

Journalists

Opposition figures

Cultural elites

These acts not only removed individuals but created an enduring climate of fear, suppressing civic participation and accelerating elite emigration.

6. Category V: Killing of Protesters and Civilians

Repeated protest waves (1999, 2009, 2017–18, 2019, 2022) have been met with lethal force.

The use of live ammunition, mass arrests, torture, and enforced disappearances reflects a pattern of state violence against its own population, particularly the youth.

Each cycle reinforces:

Generational trauma

Political alienation

Loss of future societal contributors

7. Category VI: Indirect Deaths via Policy Failure and Structural Negligence

Beyond overt violence, state mismanagement has produced large-scale indirect mortality, including:

7.1 Environmental and Urban Catastrophes

Chronic air pollution in major cities, particularly Tehran, effectively turning urban centers into long-term “gas chambers”

Increased cardiovascular and respiratory mortality

7.2 Infrastructure and Road Fatalities

Exceptionally high traffic-related death rates

Poor safety regulation and enforcement

These deaths are not accidental in a moral sense; they are the predictable outcomes of sustained governance failure.

8. Category VII: Forced Migration and Destruction of Human Capital

One of the least visible yet most damaging outcomes has been forced mass migration.

Key characteristics:

Millions of Iranians living abroad

A disproportionate share consisting of highly educated professionals, scientists, physicians, engineers, and entrepreneurs

Long-term depletion of national innovative capacity

This represents not only a demographic loss, but a genetic, cognitive, and cultural depletion with irreversible consequences.

The damage here is not merely economic—it is civilizational and moral.

9. Cumulative Analysis: A Slow-Motion Holocaust

When these categories are analyzed in isolation, their full magnitude is obscured. When examined cumulatively, they reveal:

Persistent large-scale loss of life

Systematic erosion of human capital

Normalization of death as governance

This pattern aligns with emerging definitions of structural mass atrocity, warranting the term silent Holocaust.

10. Why the World Failed to See It

Several factors contribute to global neglect:

Absence of a single catastrophic event

Geopolitical interests

Fragmentation of data

Orientalist and reductionist narratives about Iranian society

As a result, millions of deaths, displacements, and ruined lives remain statistically and morally undercounted.

11. Conclusion

Post-1979 Iran demonstrates that mass human destruction need not be swift or explicit to be catastrophic.

Through executions, war, repression, neglect, and forced migration, a society can be hollowed out over time.

Recognizing this pattern is not merely about Iran—it is about expanding the moral and analytical frameworks through which the world understands modern mass atrocity.

I'm looking for any material relating to the lead-up to chavez's victory in the 1998 venezzuelan election, in particular anything relating to the perceived breakdown of democracy under the previous regieme.

Literacy was a key skill by all those who ruled Mesopotamia. This is made most apparent by written records of historical events in the Book of Daniel. The prophet Daniel understood Akkadian, the official language of Babylon in the 6th century BCE, and he could read and write in Aramaic and Hebrew. Hours before the Persians invaded Babylon, the king of Babylon (king Belshazzar who was arrogant and corrupt) threw a grand party at his palace. It was brought to the attention of the king that a note had been written on the palace wall but only one person, Daniel, could read the note since it was written in Aramaic:

“And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARIN.” (Daniel 5:25)

“This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it.” (Daniel 5:26)

“TEKEL; Thou art weight in the balances, and art found wanting [i.e., the hubris and corruption of king Belshazzar will have consequences]. (Daniel 5:27)

“PERES [i.e. the plural of UPHARIN]; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians.” (Daniel 5:28)

In the evening hours of October 12, 539 BCE after the Babylonians had been warned about a possible invasion, the Medo-Persians under Cyrus the Great invaded Babylon; Babylon was conquered and king Belshazzar was put to death. After some trials and tribulations, Daniel was promoted by the Persians since like the Babylonians, the Persians valued Daniel’s literacy (see Footnote 1).

Footnote 1: It was under Cyrus the Great that Jerusalem was rebuilt after having been destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. As well, the Jewish people who had been in captivity under the Babylonians were allowed to return to Jerusalem.

I am starting to think that some Countries Govern themselves, without influence from the leadership of the day. The disorder tells it all! I refuse to accept it is organized disorder. and conclude the people have decided to govern themselves albeit quietly.

History demonstrates several key moments when the long-term interests of the Iranian people and the United States were closely aligned. In 1946, during the Azerbaijan crisis, strong American pressure on the Soviet Union — together with the diplomacy of Iranian figures such as Ahmad Qavam and Hossein Ala — led to the withdrawal of Soviet troops and preserved Iran’s territorial integrity. Without this support, the survival of a united Iran would have been at serious risk.

A few years later, in 1953, the case of Mohammad Mossadegh became another turning point. While often portrayed as a nationalist leader, in practice his policies created deep economic instability, political polarization, and a dangerous opening for communist influence. He openly defied constitutional authority and pushed the country toward a legal and social breakdown. From this perspective, his removal — though controversial and involving foreign involvement — can be seen as a painful but necessary event, sparing the Iranian nation from a far greater catastrophe. In this sense, what many call a “coup” can also be interpreted as the removal of a serious threat to Iran’s independence and stability.

Looking at the present, the aspirations of the Iranian people remain clear: a democratic, secular, and unified nation engaged with the world in trade, tourism, and economic connectivity. Such a vision would serve Iranians directly and also align with the interests of the United States and other nations. A stable and democratic Iran would reduce regional tensions, open new opportunities, and contribute to global prosperity.

Despite its mistakes in other contexts, the overall trajectory of U.S. involvement in critical historical moments has more often than not supported the long-term well-being of the Iranian people. The important question now is how we can better recognize and build upon these shared interests for the future.

Keywords: International Relations, Global Security, Collective Security, Nuclear Deterrence, Cold War Politics, Truman Doctrine, Containment Strategy, Superpower Rivalry, Geopolitical Balance, Sovereignty Protection, United Nations Charter, Security Council Crisis, Post-War Reconstruction, Marshall Plan, NATO Alliance, Democratic Governance, Political Legitimacy, Rule of Law, Constitutional Order, Separation of Powers, Secular Democracy, Nation-Building, Political Modernization, Regime Change Debate, Coup d’état Studies, Political Polarization, Authoritarianism vs. Democracy, Democratic Transition, Liberal Internationalism, Realist Perspective, Neorealism in IR, Balance of Power, Hegemonic Stability Theory, Great Power Competition, Proxy Conflicts, Ideological Conflict, East–West Tensions, Soviet Expansionism, Communist Movements, Anti-Communism Policy, Democratization Processes, Constitutional Crisis, Political Economy of Oil, Resource Nationalism, Energy Geopolitics, Strategic Chokepoints, Global Trade Routes, Economic Interdependence, Transnational Cooperation, Globalization of Democracy, Regional Stability, Middle East Security, Persian Gulf Politics, Strategic Alliances, Soft Power, Hard Power, Smart Power, American Foreign Policy, U.S. Grand Strategy, Wilsonian Idealism, Realpolitik, Foreign Intervention Studies, Covert Operations, Intelligence Studies, CIA Cold War Operations, British Foreign Policy, Anglo-American Relations, Multilateral Diplomacy, Crisis Management, Conflict Prevention, Peace Studies, Comparative Politics, Political Development, State-Building, Fragile States, Secession Movements, Territorial Integrity, National Identity, Political Legitimacy Crisis, Regime Security, Democratic Backsliding, International Law, Sovereignty vs. Intervention, Responsibility to Protect, Human Security, Governance Indicators, Political Stability Index, Democratic Accountability, Electoral Legitimacy, Global Governance, Liberal Order, Post-Colonial States, Decolonization Movements, Geostrategy, Strategic Culture, Security Dilemma, Deterrence Theory, Escalation Management, Bipolar International System, Long Peace

In a genuine democracy, rulers are only tenants of the people’s house—temporary, accountable, and replaceable. One quick way to test this is to look at the law: if “insulting officials” is a criminal offense, it usually means those officials see themselves as the landlords, not the tenants.

True democracy protects citizens from the abuse of power, not power from the criticism of citizens. Freedom to criticize leaders is not just a right—it is the very reminder that leaders are renting their legitimacy from the people, and that the keys to the house belong to its real owners: the citizens.

What do you think? Could this “tenant vs. landlord” metaphor serve as a practical indicator for distinguishing genuine democracies from systems that only claim the name?

Introduction

History has shown that many dictatorships do not emerge overnight, but rather evolve from structural weaknesses within governance systems. The pattern is often the same:

A leader or group rises to power.

They reshape institutions to secure their rule.

Corruption and repression gradually follow.

Exiting power becomes existentially dangerous, as it may lead to imprisonment or death. Thus, rulers cling to power at any cost—even at the expense of people’s lives and welfare.

When national wealth and resources are abundant, regimes may suppress discontent by distributing limited welfare and restricting free expression. In times of poverty, sanctions, or economic failure, however, people’s suffering deepens, and repression intensifies.

---

Core Question

How can we design democratic systems that are resilient against this slippery slope into authoritarianism?

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Key Pillars of Democracy

Several political thinkers emphasize four foundational pillars for democracy:

1. An accountable parliament – genuine representation of the people with legislative and supervisory powers.

2. Free press and independent media – ensuring transparency and limiting corruption.

3. Independent judiciary – applying the law impartially, even against those in power.

4. Free and fair elections – guaranteeing the periodic rotation of leadership and preventing permanent power concentration.

Without these pillars, the risk of authoritarian regression remains high.

---

Discussion Prompt

🔹 In your view, what is the most resilient model of democratic governance?

🔹 Are parliamentary systems more stable than presidential ones?

🔹 What role do complementary institutions—such as civil society and separation of powers—play in safeguarding democracy?

🔹 What lessons can we draw from the historical experiences of different nations?

❝Again, in a ship, if a man were at liberty to do what he chose, but were devoid of mind and excellence in navigation (αρετης κυβερνητικης), do you perceive what must happen to him and his fellow sailors?❞

─ Plato • Alcibiades 135 A

The Vital Elements of Life in Society

What components does the cyber space governance strategic plan include?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_fools#:~:text=The%20ship%20of%20fools%20(Modern,not%20based%20on%20expert%20knowledge.

I am working on a literature review of studies that systematically compare at least one case of collaborative governance to one or more cases of conventional governance (or that compare multiple cases on a spectrum from conventional to collaborative). So far, I have found only 15 such studies, listed in the attached slides. Do you know of others? I'm happy to share my preliminary results, which I'm presenting at IASNR in Cairns, Australia, June 27, 2024. Please let me know of any relevant empirical research I'm missing.

What are the fit and proper criteria for Central Bank Boards across nations?

Hello Everyone!

I'm currently pursuing a Master of Science in Finance and am in search of research topic suggestions that align with my degree. However, my primary interest lies in the field of cybersecurity, specifically focusing on compliance, risk management, and governance (GRC), as well as offensive security. I aim to undertake a project that deeply integrates these interests within the finance domain.

I would greatly appreciate any recommendations or guidance on potential topics.

I am currently reviewing different methods to detect hallucination detection in generative AI models with a specific focus on large language models. If anyone came across suitable methods that are not published yet, or has interesting thoughts, I am very happy to receive them here.

I recently used ResearchGate's Conform Authorship for the first time. When I was checking the box, I found that the article published by Ian Westbry and I was not in the list. I would like to ask how I should deal with it. If your organization can handle it well, I will be very happy. Thank you. If you would like to reply, please send it to cs@tea.ntue.edu.tw Educational Evaluation and Policy Analys...

Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer, 1996

Structures of Curriculum Governance and...

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JOURNAL ARTICLE

Structures of Curriculum Governance and Classroom Practice in Mathematics

Ian Westbury, Chao-Sheng Hsu

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Summer, 1996), pp. 123-139 (17 pages)

Proposals Submission Deadline: February 3, 2024 Full Chapters Due: April 6, 2024 Submission Date: April 6, 2024

You can view the Call for Chapter Proposals here:

Is it because of the weak governance of the recipient countries or the hidden interests of the development partners that influence the policies?

Hello,

I am the author of this article:

Women's leadership, performance and governance in Lebanese microfinance institutions

But i have lost my copie that was on my old computer

I have request a PDF copy

Thank you

Cordially,

Prof. Nicolas Badaoui

According to the following points, describe your opinion:

Since Titmus and Esping-Andersen, we have always categorized three types of welfare regimes among developed countries. Could we expand this to Asian, Afrian and Latin-america countries? Would such continents have any kind of welfare?

Hello

I have to perform HLM analysis in my study and for such purpose I studied the literature about HLM analysis, but I could not find procedure how to perform HLM analysis in SPSS v27. The data structure is as follows:

Project Success 9 items

Project Governance 19 items

HPWPs 11 items

Transformational Leadership 11 items

Team-Building 3 items

Organizational Culture 7 items

Please guide me and recommend some resources from where I could deeply understand the HLM and could perform it in SPSS v27

Thanks in advance for guiding me.

The objective of the question is to examine the relationship between governance mechanisms and risk management by clarifying the nature of the relationship between the two variables

I need literature which shows significant negative impact of country-level governance on sustainable development goals?

I am facing problem to search this type of literature which shows significant negative relation between country-level governance on sustainable development goals.

 I am looking for papers about how external drivers, internal enablers, and performance measurement have already enabled the Integrated Management of sustainability within and across business functions.  I am particularly interested in environmental, social, and governance performance as constructs for more sustainable business practices.  Thank you in advance for any help with this question.

There is an upsurge recently in the activities of bandits, militants, and kidnappers in many less developed nations in contemporary time culminating into mirage of socio-ethical problems and insecurity.

I am researching into church governance and management. What theories can I adopt?

The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of governance on investment growth by examining the relationship between governance indicators and the change in GDP. And to indicate whether there is an impact on the relationship between governance and the growth of investment rates.

How has Africa’s colonial past affected Africa? Africa has vast mineral, agricultural resources including good weather so why is it poor?

Irrespective of the thinking and deciding levels, cybersecurity decision-makers need to draw adequate security governance conclusions from available information that could even be insufficiently premised. On this note, what are the skillsets central to this art of drawing sufficient conclusions to protect vital infrastructure from insufficient premises?

Hello;

What do you think of the World Bank's worldwide governance indicators as indicators for measuring governance in sub-Saharan Africa?

please share with me any relevant article in this regard

I am more into finance and governance. I need to study more into the above. Can the expert here on the above two areas recommend a few good research papers and the latest articles on the above?

The index is trying to measure governance issues where the higher the score the poor the governance

Hello friends I hope you all are doing well,

Dear Seniors, I am a PhD aspirant in Civil Wars Studies and new to this area.

I request experienced scholars in the field to please suggest me some good books/articles readings for understanding the basics in the area.

Any suggestion about good articles/books on the Research Methods in Civil Wars studies would also be welcomed.

Thanks

I am currently finalizing admission to pursue a PhD. in NGO governance in Tanzania and hence interested in studies that talk about CSOs and NGOs.

For a comparative study of legislative activity during the coronavirus pandemic, we are looking for experts who can report about the current operation of the legislature in their country.

We will be most grateful for links to relevant experts, particularly from countries outside Europe and North America.

If you can suggest relevant experts, please write me privately at Ittai.Bar-Siman-Tov@biu.ac.il

Thank you very much in advance,

Ittai

Hello everyone,

I want to analyse the effect of income distribution and trust in government on a country’s quality of governance with international trade as a mediating variable using panel data. I plan to conduct the analysis using Stata.

Income distribution: Gini Index

Trust in government: Share of people who report having confidence in the national government.

Quality of Governance: World Governance Indicators

International trade: Trade-to-GDP Ratio (trade openness ratio)

I would be very thankful for any help or tips!

The organic linkages between development, democracy and governance, are monumentally huge, if empirically supported, then what happened in Libya?

What kind of relationship can be found between the governance of processes of migrants´ integration and local/regional governance of shrinking towns? Can migration and shrinking areas (regions) be a "happy couple"? What is the role of governance in for integrating migrants in shrinking areas in Europe? What mode of governance suits better? What are your thoughts and state-of-the-art litterature to tackle these questions?

In your opinion, governance is a solid theoretical framework that stands by itself?

I am trying to build a stronger understanding on the two aspects of governance capacity and legitimacy and I want to identify some core literature and potential theoretical framing surrounding the topic

13 October is the International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction with a commentary at https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/disaster-choice/202010/international-day-disaster-risk-reduction and some papers on disaster risk governance at:

1. Ladakh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.001

2. Health http://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.729

3. Pacific islands https://apjjf.org/-Ilan-Kelman/4406

4. Climate change https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118451694.ch20

What aspects of disaster (risk) governance are especially understudied?

I'm in the midst of developing instrument to assess the impact of pandemic crisis on corporate governance. My methods is content analysis in which I wish to study the information (impact of pandemic on CG) disclosed in the Annual Report of the companies.

I am developing a paper where I want to address issues concerning social environmental indicators and governance in companies.

R is a programming language for various uses. I have recently published an article using the R's environment to develop a map containing information of the COVID-19 effects in the São Paulo State, Brazil. However, R is a more powerful interface. We can create interactive interfaces, statistical models, questionnaires, maps, geometrical and mathematical models etc in qualitative and quantitative research. The following link leads you to one of my contributions in the field. . Please, if you can help me with an opinion or view, I will be glad.

I am interested in campaign-style governance in China, especially in the context of urban planning. I will appreciate it if somebody could suggest related literature on this topic.

As much as I understand, the case will be decided by the jury, which consists of people who are not experts either in law or in medicine. Why is this good?

Would you be happy if you were tried by people who know neither the law nor the mater which the trial is about?

Why do law school exist, if a jury of non-experts can decide in the most difficult cases?

Hi all, How to plot a Stress vs Strain curve by using the governing equations and input values in Matrices form using PYTHON? I also need to show the strain maximum and minimum points, Yield stress values in the curve by using formula's.

How could governance work for Neo banks and challenger banks?

since they are non physical..

I am currently doing my work in Administration and for my research I require variables that capture the quality of governance and insitutions, I have investigated that the PRS group performs the International Country Risk Guide and their monthly data would be very useful in my research.

However, my university does not have access to the database and I can not afford it since it is very expensive.

I was wondering if anyone with access to the database could please provide me with the data I need.

Table 3A: Political Risk Ratings (monthly 1984-2017)

Table 3B Political Risk Points By Component (monthly 1984-2017)

My research has only academic and non-commercial purposes.

Waiting for your response and opening to my request,

Sincerely

Pedro Pinheiro

ما الفرق بين الحوكمة المصرفية والحوكمة المحاسبية ؟

The Earth is not sustainable. Population growth and consumption habits are the main causes. Discussed are ways to change consumption but not how to reduce it. Limiting consumption is uncomfortable but possibly necessary.

Please suggest the means for tracing and prioritizing major governance issues in Indian agriculture... Quantification issues as well are welcome...

Thanks in advance...

Once the campaigning is over, the election is done and results are out, one of the competing parties goes on to win the election. Question is, whether the governance of the incumbent could be seen as an extension of their campaigning carried out during the election and if it is indeed the case then what about the party which loses the election? 

Is crowdsourcing a key factor in improving public administration efficiency?

I have been researching on different frameworks of (GRC) Governance, Risk and Compliance Management .. and want to implement those framework concepts into a tool using nodejs and R-Land. Please let me know if any body interested to join hands with me.. 

Thanks,

Sarat Kumar

Dear community

I'am looking for a research collaboration about the use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of governance and business management.

You can visit my articles and publications for more details and to understand my interest area.

Galápagos is a region of Ecuador. In this place, there is a regulation that defines the maximum number of vehicles that circulate. Are there any more?

I am particularly interested in conceptual literature and pieces of research that aim at advancing the human geographic debate on (local) climate governance. Thank you very much!

Are there general studies on rural governance worldwide? Any literature on the difference between rural governance and urban governance?

Hello Everyone,

can anyone recommend some good literature about the topic ofc GRC? Governance Riskmanagement and Compliance?

I would Appreciate that.

I have got governing equations for geometric nonlinear analysis of laminated composite plates. Now I have to go for Navier solutions.

Can anyone help me out?

The more we know about the role of government, the more clear is the deviation.

We all should have as a priority, discuss the main roles of government with family, children, and friends.

Like it or not, the government decides the biggest part of our lives. In almost every country and every regime. And if we don't know what to ask (or obligate them, if needed) to do, they decide it alone and freely, guided by their convenience, more than by people needs.

If we don´t know what they should be doing, how do we ask them to do the right things?

So, tell us: What´s the main role of government?

The governing elastic wave velocity-stress equations are in attached file.

I need to implement this perfectly matched layer concept in my MATLAB code using finite difference time difference approach.

Dear all,

What is the practical use of an ESG (environmental, social and governance) index in a stock exchanges market?

Can it be useful if ESG scores for constituents firms not known ?

Each indicator of governance has a positive or negative impact that affects the institution's policy in terms of its strategy or future options

The importance of public health governance has again emerged in the entire world and, especially developing countries because it is an integrated approach for the well-being of human health through both government and society approaches. How can make it more sustainable?

The Latin American governments of the left and right have failed, we can do something from education and research.

I am trying to show if ESG criteria have an impact of yields of various funds. These funds have an ESG label or not. This variable is 1 or 2.

Therefore my model:

Absolut Return = beta + x (refrence) + y (ESG)

Reference being the return of an index for the french CAC 40.

Thanks in advance.

Over the last years the role of non-state actors (NGOs, businesses, corporations, traditional authorities, rebel groups, communities, street gangs, etc.) in the provision of services and the production of social order has grasped the attention of scholars from different fields such as development, security, and peace and conflict studies. In these debates, the concept of governance has been central as it allows to convey the idea that order–making is the result of the interaction of different state and non-state actors. However, when talking about the relations and the twiligh character of the interaction between state/non-state, formal/informal, legal/illegal actors a lot of theoretical ambiguity remains. In this regard, I would like to ask what do you think that the difference between the terms 'hybrid governance' and 'alternative governance' is. In general, both terms are used to designate arrangements in which non-state actors take on functions classically attributed to the state. However, I've seen the concept of 'alternative governance' more often in works that analyze the role of illegal/criminal actors (e.g. Cheng, 2018 or Idler, 2019), while the one of 'hybrid governance' has been used to designated both legal and illegal actors.

governence particpatoy in Suède, Austria

Articles about participatoy governence in europe

I would love to see even a small project. I would like to see how integration can be an integral component of the overall management system so that the could governance becomes a seamless and more regular process.

How far digital technological innovations have succeeded in overcoming political apathy and political disengagement? If your answer goes utopian way, how sustainable will that change be? Do we have any empirical evidence which may suggest that the change in real sense is sustainable?

There are many ways the scuba diving sector can actively participate in MPA management, in all MPA governance types recognized by the CBD (gov-gov, co-managed, private, community-based). In less participative frameworks, the sector is just consulted eventually or even only informed about new regulations. I'm searching for more descriptions in the literature on any of those situations. Any suggestions?

mean that how we will be use quality control in corporate governance in banking sector, specially in board

How to evaluate your PhD proposal before submitting it for acceptance, noting that:

- PhD in accounting.

- Targeting the top 500 universities in the UK.

- My areas are accounting information system, reporting, governance and social responsibility.

Thanks

As inequality involves substantial economic, social and political costs. The crucial issue of how to measure inequality has been a major challenge. Many existing literature have linked the quality of governance to poverty related crises. It unknown whether political commitment is likely to minimise or magnify the level of inequality or not.

Mining plays a significant role in regional development. It also generates great amounts of waste -- some of which contains toxic chemicals and heavy elements. Yet, additional mining-related pollution does not consist in ores and chemicals.

What are some economic opportunities surrounding the creation of mining waste? Why are they so valuable? For whom?

Furthermore, what knowledge do experts endeavor to produce around negative environmental impacts? Does this knowledge production aim to incentivize companies (or governments) to engage in clean-up efforts or more sustainable mining practices?

Finally, when companies interact with such knowledge, and when experts work to produce it, how do other consequences (e.g., noise pollution) receive attention?

It is not the weak quality of education in LDCs that hinders its contribution to economic and social development, but the formal and informal institutional factors that are invaded by corruption and feeble role of law ...