Case Studies - Science topic

IYH Using a new bespoke creative tension dialogue between 5 personas:

Taylor Reed: 🚀 Okay, team, let's shift gears! Instead of dissecting the Microsoft-Inflection deal, let's craft a hypothetical scenario, a leadership challenge that mirrors the complexities we've been discussing. Imagine a mid-sized tech company, "InnovateSphere," facing a sudden market shift. They've been developing a cutting-edge AI-powered marketing tool, but a larger competitor, "GoliathTech," just launched a similar, albeit less sophisticated, product with a massive marketing blitz. InnovateSphere's team is demoralized, their funding is tight, and their CEO is panicking. Classic David vs. Goliath, but with an AI twist! What do they do?

Morgan Hayes: 🔄 Taylor, excellent framing! This resonates with the challenges of disruptive innovation and the pressures of market consolidation. Let's add another layer: InnovateSphere's internal culture is fractured. The engineering team, proud of their superior technology, wants to push forward with the original plan. The marketing team, however, is advocating for a pivot, perhaps focusing on a niche market segment where GoliathTech's product is weaker. This internal conflict mirrors the broader industry dilemma: specialize or compete head-on? It's a symphony of competing strategies, and the CEO needs to be the conductor.

Alex Jordan: 🏭 Morgan, that internal conflict is gold! I've seen this play out in countless companies. Let's make it even more realistic. InnovateSphere's lead developer, a brilliant but notoriously difficult personality, is threatening to quit if they pivot. He believes their technology is vastly superior and that compromising is a betrayal of their vision. This adds a crucial human element to the challenge. It's not just about strategy; it's about managing talent, egos, and the very real fear of losing key personnel in a competitive landscape. This is where leadership truly gets tested.

Calvin Merrick: 🔍 Alex, you've nailed a critical point: the human factor. Let's add a financial constraint to sharpen the analysis. InnovateSphere has enough runway for six more months at their current burn rate. Pivoting would require additional investment in market research and potentially new hires, shortening that runway. Sticking to the original plan risks running out of cash before they can gain traction against GoliathTech's marketing dominance. This forces a data-driven decision: What's the quantifiable risk of each path, and how can they mitigate those risks with limited resources?

Nathan Vantage: 🧭 Calvin, the financial constraint is crucial for strategic foresight. Let's add a final layer: InnovateSphere has a potential partnership offer from a smaller, non-competing company in a related industry. This partnership could provide access to new markets and resources, but it would also require sharing their technology and potentially diluting their brand. This introduces the strategic dilemma of collaboration versus independence. It's a classic "make or buy" decision, but in the context of a rapidly evolving AI landscape. The CEO needs a long-term vision, not just a short-term fix.

Taylor Reed: 🚀 Fantastic additions, everyone! We've crafted a multi-layered scenario that encapsulates the core challenges of leadership in a dynamic, competitive environment.

Now, let's formulate the five key questions that our hypothetical training participants should grapple with:

Morgan Hayes: 🔄 Building on Taylor's question, let's add a layer of interdisciplinary thinking:

Alex Jordan: 🏭 To address the human element and the threat of losing key talent:

Calvin Merrick: 🔍 To force a data-driven, analytical approach:

Nathan Vantage: 🧭 Finally, to encourage long-term strategic thinking:

Positivist case study research is recognized and utilized in supply chain management (SCM) literature, though its prevalence varies. Traditionally, positivist approaches have been associated with quantitative methods aimed at theory testing. However, qualitative case studies within a positivist paradigm are also employed to test hypotheses and validate theoretical frameworks in real-world contexts.

In SCM research, positivist case studies are often used for theory testing, focusing on establishing causal relationships and generalizing findings. For instance, a study titled "Is blockchain truly improving supply chain information quality? A positivist case study research" examines the impact of blockchain technology on information quality within supply chains, employing a positivist case study methodology to test specific hypotheses.

Another example is the paper "A design science-based case study of retail chain delivery operations and its implications," published in the International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. This research adopts a design science approach within a positivist framework to analyze and improve delivery operations in a retail chain, thereby contributing to both theory and practice.

These examples illustrate that positivist case study research is accepted in well-ranked supply chain journals, particularly when it demonstrates methodological rigor and contributes to theory testing or refinement.

That’s a fascinating approach, Stig! Leveraging AI tools like ChatGPT can indeed accelerate the writing process and provide immediate insights, as you’ve experienced. It's exciting to see how "Research 5.0" is not only transforming the way we conduct research but also enabling new, efficient ways to collaborate and create. Your experience with using AI to co-write your book demonstrates the potential of AI in enhancing productivity and knowledge creation. Thank you for sharing this inspiring example!

Hi Emre Coban. Hopefully this will help.

A case study is a choice you make about about the toy you want to study, and the people or places where it commonly is played with. For example...

- You aren't interested in other toys necessarily, just this one

- You want to see many dimensions of this single toy and its users (or maybe its producers, or customers)

- You may want to know about the context in which this toy is a toy, and not, say, a paper weight

As you prepare this case study, you may decide...

- You need to know who and how, and will want to get user experience like why it was fun (or not)

- You want to know how often the toy is played with, and maybe some demographic information like age, ethnicity, or accessibility status

Mixed methods research design (MMR) is like a pair of glasses you designate as the way to watch the people or places with that toy.

- Get a clearer view of how the toy is moved in space, how often it is moved, and by whom

- Draws your eye to the amount of people that can play with it at once, and read their diaries describing their experience

A case study designates what you will study, the limits (bounds) of the case, and the kinds of information you will try to utilize to prepare and interpret that study. It can be qualitative or quantitative. Perhaps most important to your question - it can also be both (multi-method) or integrated (mixed method). There are plenty of opinions about this depending on who you read about case studies (for example, Yin or Stake).

MMR is the way that you design for and get at that information. It may be appropriate for this toy, it might not. It will also guide how you combine and connect disparate portions of the methods you choose, and the data you derive. It cannot tell you what you want to study. It can be big or small. Like case studies, there is a lot of ink spilled about this area, and so who you prefer to learn from will influence its guiding principles and limitations (as exampled by David Morgan above).

Excellent question, stories can indeed be a powerful educational technique. We have used extensively narratives and metaphors to design playful learning experiences [1,2]. Immersive storytelling was instnrumental to create deeper learning insights and a-ha moments in sensitive topics in history education [3], literacy [4] and in one gamified, story-based course on artificial intelligence in virtual worlds [5].

[1] Mystakidis, S. (2021). Combat Tanking in Education - The TANC Model for Playful Distance Learning in Social Virtual Reality. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 13(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.291539

[2] Mystakidis, S., Filippousis, G., Tolis, D., & Tseregkouni, E. (2021). Playful Metaphors for Narrative-Driven E-Learning. Applied Sciences, 11(24), 11682. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411682

[3] Papadopoulou, A., Mystakidis, S., & Tsinakos, A. (2024). Immersive Storytelling in Social Virtual Reality for Human-Centered Learning about Sensitive Historical Events. Information, 15(5), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15050244

[4] Mystakidis, S., & Berki, E. (2018). The Case of Literacy Motivation: Playful 3D Immersive Learning Environments and Problem-Focused Education for Blended Digital Storytelling. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 13(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.2018010105

[5] Mystakidis, S. (2020). Distance Education Gamification in Social Virtual Reality: A Case Study on Student Engagement. 11th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA 2020), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA50023.2020.9284417

"We kindly ask you to provide us with the latest inventions, research, case studies, and articles related to smart electric cars."

Why don't you use freelancers' community as a case study

They are from every country around the globe and they deal with international clients from every country around the globe.

There is many groups on Facebook and telegram where they share their experiencies and challenges and they can share with you their misfit with their target clients bacause of many factors like: diiffernt cultural backgrounds differents languages, communication style (if it is written or verbal), their field of activity (design, marketing..) and even gender.

All the best

You can give scores to each trait understudy, then use chi square test, do that for all traits. You don't need any paper to follow, but you need an example on how to use chi square to compare, a book in statistics will be so enough. Wish you luck.

Crisis financiera global: un estudio crítico del papel de la auditoria en programas del estado

Is case study a methodology? Robert Stake (1998) argues: "As a form of research, case study is defined by interest in individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used". I find it enlightening to regard case study methodology as a meta-methodology; the methodological recommendation is to combine the methodologies which are useful in the light of the issue at stake. A methodology is a recommendation to rely on certain data collection methods, methods to analyze and apply specific quality criteria. Action research procedures and purposes, Grounded Theory methodology, Hypothesis-testing approach (Yin) are examples of methodologies which can be used, alone or in combination, in a case study. In short: (1) Case study methodology is a combined methodology: a meta-methodology, (2) object of the study is a case, (3) triangulation is an overarching quality criterium, (4) a purposeful sampling procedure is used to select the case(s). As a consequence: in research it is more important to make clear how it is done, rather than what it is.

Best wishes

Rolf

If you are doing a multiple case comparison, I like Robert Yin's book on this kind of research (Case Study Research: Design and Methods).

Good morning

You can triangulate the answers and also, compare the cases

Best regards

In order to help you, we need to know your research question, your research problem. Decisions on methods and research techniques come out from the research problem. In your case, it is not easy to clarify hypersexualization: is it related to public space? Social networks? Media? Gender? Discourse? Relations?Representations? There is a need to explain the subject and thereafter justify the Tik Tok choice: is it basically diverse from the gift-giving / gift-receiving socio-symbolic structure of all social networks? Nonetheless, your general topic does not seem like a "case study," which is a strategy really for cases with a "casual" scale: Tik Tok does not seem like a singular case...

Further to what Kelvyn Jones said, if one wishes to use CROSSTABS to compute an OR for Cases relative to Controls, then the group variable must be coded such that Case code < Control code.

* Reproduce the result in the original post.

* Denote control 1 and case 2 in SPSS.

* Also denote AG, GG genotype 1, and

* AA genotype 2 in SPSS (Dominant model).

NEW FILE.

DATASET CLOSE ALL.

DATA LIST LIST / Group gtype (2F1) n (F5.0).

BEGIN DATA

1 1 58

1 2 298

2 1 35

2 2 85

END DATA.

VARIABLE LABELS gtype "Genotype".

VALUE LABELS

Group 1 "Control" 2 "Case" /

gtype 1 "AA,GG" 2 "AA".

WEIGHT by n.

CROSSTABS Group by gtype / STATISTICS= RISK.

****************************************************.

* If you want to use CROSSTABS to get the OR for

* Cases relative to Controls, you must recode

* the Group variable so that Case code < Control code.

****************************************************.

RECODE Group (1=2)(2=1) INTO grp.

FORMATS grp (F1).

VALUE LABELS grp 1 "Case" 2 "Control".

CROSSTABS

TABLES Group by gtype /

TABLES grp by gtype / STATISTICS= RISK.

* If you use GENLIN to estimate a logit model,

* you can specify reference categories for both

* the explanatory variable and the outcome variable.

This might depend on the scope of the study

Good morning

Stake, R. E. (2013). Multiple case study analysis. Guilford Press.

It is a qualitative study, so your recollected data may be with deep interviews.

Also, you need software to code the answers.

Atals.ti is a good one.

In order to do the guion you have to follow your objectives.

You will find attachment one of my cases, I hope it helps you.

Best regards

Ph.D. Ingrid del Valle García Carreño

Carreño, I. D. V. G. (2021). Distributed leadership in educational organizations in Madrid: case study. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação, 189-209.

I suggest delete the incomplete test result and assess prevalence against those completed the test to measure outcome.

I developed a research in the area of ​​social representation the subject in the conservation of contemporary art using unstructured interviews with artists and conservators-restorers and qualitatively it was possible to reach some important conclusions about the theme.

Amazon trees conservation

Mark R Speechley You are absolutely correct! It's going to be consisted of a prospective treatment group and a retrospective control group. I will look into the problem following your suggestions and rethink the study design.

Thanks for organizing the question in such a clear way! I really appreciate it.

Chen

I would check out Sage Publications. They tend to have quite a few paperback books addressing various types of research topics.

Can you give me more clarification on this subject

you must publish your findings

Really, I have no thing to say..

Mangipudi, case studies are one of a range of qualitative research methods, which, when used rigorously, can highlight the intricacies, complexities and richness of a set of phenomena within a contextualised setting. It is in depicting the varieties and nuances of cases that qualitative researchers and other researchers who are sympathetic to its usage, that case studies can help us understand the implications and implicit meanings within them. Interesting.

To add with Ronán Michael Conroy besides looking for state of the art in the relevant area, data analytics requires stable datasets. You can choose a certain area, you may have its relevant literature but you will end up having incomplete or having no datasets. Make sure the area you choose should have complete and labeled data set with ground truth, and serves the purpose you want to achieve.

Hello Margrit! I find your master's thesis very interesting, but also challenging. I understand your concerns about the literature review, the data, and how they are connected. My advice would be that in the literature to write about innovations in general. You can start from the Egyptians and their innovations, work your way to Galileo, Newton, Watson, Einstein, (the nuclear bomb), and modern-day innovators like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Elon Musk. Like this, you will set the focus on the importance of innovations.

Hi I use a free webpage called Publication Hub: https://cmip-publications.llnl.gov/

You can filter by variables name or experiments (Historical, pre indutrial, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 , RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) .

I hope it helps.

can you please provide its datafile, if you have?

Kristian Mogensen

action research and case study are not mutually exclusive, and you could frame it as an action research case study, or more correctly action research comprising 2 case studies (is there some comparative analysis here?). A key feature of action research, in addition to its participative focus, is that it starts with a pre-understanding of the situational (and perhaps theoretical) pre-understanding, and is then enacted in dual/parallel spirals of cycles of Diagnosis, Planning action, taking action, and evaluating or reflecting on action (action you want to implement with the participants first) and the second spiral relates to your research (again, diagnose, plan, act, and review/reflect) (see Coghlan & Brannick,Doing action research in your own organisation). Add an experiential cycle to test what's going on with participants -v- your own assumptions. The case study approach sits well with this, but you still need other methods to draw your research and action together into the story and meaning you convey through your case study. There are a few different approaches to action research and you'll have to find one that suits your own approach if that's what you want to do.

Yin, R. (2008). "Case Study Research: Design and Methods." Sage, New York.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). "Building Theories from Case Study Research." The Academy of Management review, 14(4), 532-550.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1991). "Better Stories and Better Constructs: The Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic." Academy of Management Review, 16(3), 620-627

Kohn, L.T., “Methods in Case Study Analysis,” The Center for Studying Health System Change Technical Publication No. 2, June 1997

DEVELOPING QUESTIONNAIRES & CONDUCTING CASE STUDY INTERVIEWS

Government Accountability Office (GAO) Using Structured Interviewing Techniques, GAO/PEMD-10.1.5, Government Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., June 1991, 191pp.

Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, Continuum, London.

Neuendorf, K.A., The Content Analysis Guidebook, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2002, 300 pp.

Weber, R.P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis (2nd Ed.). Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.

Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. SAGE publications limited.

Lehtonen, R. and E. Pahkinen, Practical Methods for Design and Analysis of Complex Surveys, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004, 394pp.

Specifying a study design is not the same as linking your study to a broad methodological approach, such as "case study, narrative research, phenomenology and so forth." Instead, a study design should begin with a research question or goal, and then specify the procedures that you will use to address your goal(s).

Undoubtedly the most common type of design in qualitative research is to collect your data using semi-structured interviews and then apply thematic analysis. Within that broad approach, you need to specify who you will interview and why, what questions you will ask and why, etc. etc.

Perhaps your advisor is looking to ensure you are situating your work within the literature - meaning the link to the theory aspect. You can provide evidence of this to your advisor and your readers by creating a literature map evidencing which disciplines have studied your topic (e.g., economics) and the theories they have used to examine the topic. This allows you to situate your research within the same scholarship.

In the past (and sometimes still) clinical researchers sometimes used the term "case control study" to mean comparing outcome in an exposed group to that in a "control" (ie un exposed group) ,cross sectionally. That is why in modern epidemiology (ie since about 1985) the term case-referent study is now preferred .

It is well worth reading this classic nuanced account

J. Clyde MitchellF (1983 Research )Articlehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00387.x

Abstract

The current division between those sociologists who prefer to rely on survey techniques and quantitative analysis in the prosecution of their art as against those who prefer to rely on observation and verbal types of analysis has manifested itself over the time in a lively debate in some of the journals about the validity of statistical methods of enquiry on the one hand as against what were called 'case studies'. It is my purpose to establish what these differences are and thereby one hopes to provide guidelines for the use of case studies in social investigation and theory building. The argument that has been advanced here, then, is that case studies of whatever form are a reliable and respectable procedure of social analysis and that much criticism of their reliability and validity has been based on a misconception of the basis upon which the analyst may justifiably extrapolate from an individual case study to the social process in general. My highlighting

and worth looking at

Jason Seawright, Multi-Method Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2016

Synopsis

Reflecting the rising popularity of research that combines qualitative and quantitative social science, Multi-Method Social Science provides the first systematic guide to designing multi-method research. It argues that methods can be productively combined using the framework of integrative multi-method research, with one method used to carry out a final causal inference, and methods from other traditions used to test the key assumptions involved in that causal inference. In making this argument, Jason Seawright considers a wide range of statistical tools including regression, matching, and natural experiments. The book also discusses qualitative tools including process tracing, the use of causal process observations, and comparative case study research. Along the way, the text develops over a dozen multi-method designs to test key assumptions about social science causation. Again my highlights.

Think no hard & fast rule on the observation time frame as the context of each qualitative research is unique. Perhaps during the observation, try to observe what are the new attributes emerged until they are repeated or no new attribute observed i.e. reaching the maturity state, then perhaps you can stop.

you may simply add crospovidone 2 - 4 % of tablet weight to enhance dissolution .

Dear Yimin Mao , there is quite recent and helpful special issue in EIST. Here's the editorial: Ely, A., Geall, S., & Dai, Y. (2019). Low-carbon China: Emerging phenomena and implications for innovation governance: Introduction to the special issue. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 30, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2018.05.001

You can use secondary data available in newspapers,article, company annual report as alternative source of data collection

It can go either way. Look at the fundamentals of case study. These scribbles might help: https://www.researchgate.net/project/The-Physics-of-Case-Study

You need to precisely define the issue .That is, what is the problem for which you are seeking the solution/ answer. Secondly you must spell out the objectives of the study. Testing observing skills is too broad area to be explored in a single study. You need to specify which aspect of the observation skills you are going to investigate. In addition you need to specify the setting or context in which you will explore the intended area of the observation skills.

It sounds like you would have a comparative case study of two different industries. Whether or not 6 interviewees would be enough in either case would be almost impossible for you to judge until you start doing your interviews. In particular, if the participants give you very different responses, then you will need to interview more people in order to understand the reasons for that diversity.

If you do need to do more interviews, one possibility would be to get further recommendations from the people you do interview (i.e., "snowball sampling").

Following

Theory elaboration might be what you are looking for. Check

"Using Theory Elaboration to Make Theoretical Advancements" by Greg Fisher, Herman Aguinis, Organizational Research Methods Vol 20, Issue 3, 2017 and

"Renaissance of case research as a scientific method" by Mikko Ketokivi and Thomas Choi, Journal of Operations Management, Volume 32, Issue 5, July 2014

Rosario - Robert Yin (from 2002 to current) is often identified (through citation) as a leading exponent of case study design. He has a newish text out - Case Study Research and Applications - which came out in February 2018 - and I recommend it - as with its previous iterations.

The Overseas Development Institute has conducted much work with researchers, organizations, and governments to improve the integration of knowledge and research-based evidence into policy-making: its publications on research and policy in development are at https://www.odi.org/our-work/programmes/research-and-policy-development.

ROMA, to name but one, is an approach to improving policy engagement processes and so influence change. It comprises a suite of tools that any organization can use at any stage in their policy engagement process to improve how they diagnose the problem, understand the types of impact their work could have on policy-making, set realistic objectives for policy influence, develop a plan to achieve those objectives, monitor and learn from the progress they are making, and reflect the learning back into their work. Details of ROMA are at https://www.odi.org/features/roma/home.

Dear Kora,

The structure of the case study may comprise the following components;

statement of the problem, determine the research questions, define the case under study, theory development, theoretical and conceptual framework of the case study..

Sweet regards

Note, the rigidity of HD makes it unsuitable as a frame for case study. In fact, case study is the response to the inadequacy of HD. See:

It looks like your design involves at least 3 steps, with a clear sequential explanatory design (QUANT --> qual) in the middle -- where you follow-up your survey with qualitative methods to help understand the quantitative results. In case you are wondering why I labelled the follow up as "qual" rather than "QUAL," the reason is because the qualitative methods are being driven by the original quantitative results. In my view, whether a study is primary or supplemental depends more on its purpose than on its size, and here the purpose and design of the qual methods is determined by the prior QUANT study.

Following up on the results of this section with a quantitative pilot study is also fairly straightforward, leading to QUANT --> qual --> quant.

What is least clear to me, however, is beginning with a concurrent design. Ordinarily, the input to a QUANT study is an exploratory sequential design (qual --> QUANT), so you would need to be very clear about the purpose of the quantitative study at this point. In particular, "triangulation" is no longer a favored term because it means too many different things. For instance, it can mean examining the convergence between studies that are intended to produce similar results. Or it can mean producing complementary results where each method makes a different contribution to the overall outcome.

The clearest message I would offer, however, is that you are trying to do entirely too much. Very often, I see studies that begin as a simple, two-stage sequential design collapse into a mono-method study because of the time and effort required to complete both stages. In your case, you are proposing to use at least six methods over the course of the project, which would almost certainly require an expert team with several years of time and a large budget.

You may check this reference.

- Hughes, Jonathan. "Hospital-City." Architectural History 40 (1997): 266-88. doi:10.2307/1568678.

Yes, I tell graduate students ‘Personal Knowledge’ is required reading irrespective of the discipline.

Hi again Alain Lamadrid Vallina !

Just happened to se a fresh paper on MOOC wrapping in my RG stream, perhaps you have seen it as well:

First, think like an Input-Output Analyst to answer the question "How can I measure, or meaningfully estimate, the total upstream negative CO2 load (nett carbon footprint) of all inputs, direct and indirect, from all processes, organisations and staff and their suitably apportioned upstream CO2 loads, direct and indirect, repeating until the some of all CO2load increments at a particular 'degree of remove' is less than your acceptable margin of error by the amount of maximum variability in error you are prepared to accept.?'

If you can't do that, then you don't have a meaningful project. You will just join the ranks of so-called economists that are happy to make courageous approximations and assumptions, on the basis of the lack of data, and work with what is available.

This introduces a serious data bias. The gathering of all data is driven by the purposes for which it is gathered. Our data is gathered, and its value assessed, to the extent that it serves the needs of the system of economic relationships and governance which is paying for it to be gathered. That direct beneficiaries of the value generated by the system from which you need to gather data benefits from the lack of the type of information that you need, in the face of people like you wanting it.

Or you can join the ranks of people demanding that governments claiming to represent the people, and to have been fairly elected by them, force all of commerce and their own governments activities to report fully on all their activities so that all the questions we need to analyse and plan for effective climate control can be answered.

The answers and the uses to which people like yourself will put that data in terms of policy recommendations will necessarily deeply affect the manner in which all economic activity takes place as it will deeply affect the goals and hence metrics by which it is measured and managed. That in turn will deeply affect the manner in which governance and public administration itself operates in relation to commerce and the civil/public service structures, as opposed to the people they claim to act in the interests of. That in turn deeply affects the relationship of political activity and its interactions with their public and the commercial activities which utilise the labours and consumptive capacity for their own benefit of both their public and their own administrations. This in turn deeply affects the relationship between politicians and their access to the power to control and influence, whatever their espoused and private goals for doing so may be. They, on the whole will not like change. People with any particular skill set that actively serves them well will always resist any changes which devalue that particular set of skills and endangers the benefits which they receive from using them.

Marlon, you just want to do your Masters thesis. If you are true to the tenets of academic integrity you have to seek the axiomatic basis (the truths to be worked with) that lie at the root of your questions. If you do this with integrity you quickly see that in behavioural 'sciences' every question, asked within the current paradigm, is essentially an act of revolution and potentially disruptive at planetary scale.

My advice, if you just want a good job, a nice home and a quiet life, is to put on neo-liberal blinkers like most, employed, policy advisers around the world and ignore everything I have just told you. Make the politically acceptable assumptions and approximations, and linkage models, required of you and smile as you present the conclusions of your thesis and receive your First Class mark, knowing that the results are not much better than a thumb suck. No one will call you out, least of all - very likely - the Professors marking your work!

Apple and Disney, along side personal brands such as Amanda Palmer, as clear examples for the impact of storytelling

@Sumya Abdi

If T is sufficiently large (generally 30 or above), we go for testing the presence of unit root even if N is greater than T. This is a rule of thumb that if N > T, Wo go for traditional panel data analysis. On the other hand if T > N, we go for non-stationary panel data analysis.

However, I will send you reference for the above statement too.

Best wishes,

Atif

I use a research method called content analysis to infer meaning in written technical documents. We use a software called Nvivo that conducts the searchs on PDF versions of the documents under study. Look for papers by Krippendorff 1980, Weber 1990, and Elo and Kyngäs 2008 for the details on how to conduct a content analysis. Best wishes for your research.

A good way to guarantee the transparency of your qualitative study is to pre-register it on an open science platform. You prepare a protocol, upload it, stick to your plan and if need be, report any changes to the protocol that were necessary to the research process. Some journals will even guarantee publication if you follow this process. A good platform to do this is OSF (http://help.osf.io/m/registrations/l/524205-register-your-project). Pre-registration encourages transparency, good practice and reduces the temptation of reporting bias.

I do not want to sound immodest but you can check my contributions on that topic uploaded at RG.

Kind regards,

Anton

Hi, Colleague Hyoyon Paik,

I will give this a try, though I am in English major as my field and not math. It made me recall these cluster grpah terminology from when I took math years ago.

LINK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_graph

Hope that is what you need.

Gloria

Co-management is not just one standard arrangement of management-sharing. It is a spectrum of different levels of responsibility on the part of the parties to the co-management. At one end you have the government agency/agencies with the legal responsibility for the management holding nearly all the management control, and the non-government partner(s) being merely consulted on management. At the other it would be the non-government partner(s) holding nearly all the control (e.g. through "native title" legislation), with the government partner perhaps just "ticking the boxes" to indicate that all necessary things have been done. They type of co-management arrangement plays a big role in determining whether or not co-management will work in a particular situation.

Further, there are a whole lot of other factors that play a role in determining whether co-management will work, including: the number of stakeholders involved; the relationships among the stakeholders (cooperative, antagonistic, collegiate, etc.); the capacity of the stakeholders to manage (knowledge, experience, practical expertise, available necessary technology and other resources, etc.); and so on.

There is no simple yes/no answer to such an open question. In reality, "it all depends".

Good greeting

Please read - MacInnis (2011), which is a seminal paper on writing conceptual papers in marketing, but equally applicable to other areas. All the best!

There is a large amount of native knowledge in India. Please do Google Search with India as added as a key word.

Thank you Mary for your kind support.

Dear Andreja,

you probably have to decide first if you are more interested in testing theories or in the cases you want to investigate in. This determines much of case selection and case study methodology. You might start with Harry Eckstein (1975) or Arend Lijphart (1975), who wrote some basic articles on case study methodology. You could also look at John Gerring's work on case studies (2004).

I am an ethnoarchaeologist, someone who studies living people to try and expand the kinds of behaviors we may be able to infer about past populations from their archaeological material remains. In archaeology, only some components of past technological systems are preserved, and all artifacts have been modified from their use contexts through a range of activities that result in their being thrown away, broken, lost, or discarded as trash in addition to the effects of geologic processes of burial, decay, and exposure in eroding conditions. I have spent over 30 months performing behavioral observation of Savanna Pumé hunter-gatherers in the low plains (llanos) of the Orinoco Basin in Venezuela (in addition to over 14 months working with Maya agriculturalists in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico). I have linked my observations to the technologies used and found many non-intuitive ways that traditional tools are organized and used. I also have visited 6 museum collections of Pumé artifacts in the US and Venezuela, and can view images from the 2 European museum collections I have not yet visited. I have given a large museum collection (1,311 items) to the Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Museum collections allow me to see aspects of material culture that are outside of my short lifetime as an ethnographer. They also help me see changes in material culture through time that can begin to approach the temporal scale of how the archaeological record preserves associations between artifacts. Archaeology rarely preserves a short moment in time, most sites represent decades, centuries, or millennia of artifact and sediment accumulations. So the assemblages we find in archaeology are not representative of the same time frame I experience as an ethnographer looking at behaviors in a camp. My museum work has provided some significant insight into this deeper time scale that I cannot experience from my own research alone. I have seen an example of a "mosquito net" made from woven moriche palm leaf fiber (identical to current methods of weaving sitting mats) that was collected in 1886 which contrasts dramatically with what more recent Pumé use to try and decrease their exposure to mosquitoes in this environment with horrendous mosquito populations during the wet season and a range of associated insect born diseases. Currently, the Savanna Pumé have access to second-hand clothing through their neighbors, the River Pumé (who are reliant on a range of horticultural foods and some wage labor, in addition to terrestrial hunting, wild plant collection, and fishing). Some of the very worn clothing they get in trade is used to make and patch "mosquito nets" needed fro their hammocks in the wet season. Cloth is always wearing out, for these nets, or as clothing. The moriche palm leaf fiber example from 1886 indicates an even greater scarcity of cloth in the late 19th century and the use of a very distinctively different kind of technology. While flexible and lightweight, this woven covering would be extremely hot to sleep under, but still preferable to having no protection from mosquitoes and the diseases they carry. Similarly, during my research with the Savanna Pumé of Venezuela, metal used to make the points on arrows was very scarce. For the thin, pointed small-game and fishing arrows they make, pieces of bar steel or nails were scavenged from criollo garbage dumps or traded in from River Pumé with greater access to trade items. Larger pieces of steel to make lanceolate arrow points used for large game arrows was even scarcer. The Savanna Pumé used worn-out machete or knife blades, broken or worn-out shovels, or other pieces of scrap steel that they could find to make these large game arrows. When I started looking at museum collections from 1934 and 1958 I was surprised to find a couple of design features for these lanceolate arrows that at first was puzzling, but I eventually determined was an indication that steel raw material was even scarcer in these earlier time periods. Several examples in collections at the UPENN Museum collected in 1934 and examples in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York) and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology at Harvard University, both collected in 1958, showed these features. Near the proximal portion of these lanceolate points where they insert into the foreshaft, a small horizontal bar was attached to the distal foreshaft that would have prevented deeper penetration of the arrow beyond the point. One example in the AMNH had a rounded mass that is made of wound palm leaf fiber string at the distal foreshaft/proximal end of the point blade. These points were designed not to penetrate any deeper into prey so that if the hunter had a poor shot and the animal was likely to be able to escape, the arrow had a higher probability of falling out and the valuable metal point would not be lost. This feature was especially important in deer hunting, where the success rate was relatively low because of the open savanna environment and the difficulty in getting close enough for a good shot (traditional folks always try to get well within 30 m of their prey with any projectile technology, arrows, spear throwers & darts, blowguns, throwing sticks, or crossbows, etc.). This helps me understand that relative success in deer hunting was also probably quite low a these time periods, and not only a consequence of some additional hunting pressure from Venezuelan criollos moving into this region in the mid-late 1960s using guns. Given that, the scarcity in metal I am able to observe now is not comparable to that seen as late as 1958, resulting in these particular design elements that seem counter-intuitive to the function of large-game arrows. I'm unsure if this is what you have in mind about "intangible cultural heritage". However, the behavioral and economic dynamics behind these design components of artifacts no longer being used represents intangible aspects of cultural knowledge that probably can no longer be elicited from conversations even with older Pumé women and men. If by intangible you primarily mean more symbolic or other less "functional" kinds of uses, then these museum collections also house evidence for continuity in the the extremely frequent (37% of all nights I've been in residence) all-night, 11-hr dances the Savanna Pumé engage in every week. These "ritual" or "religious" dances are part of other important mobility, settlement, and post-marital residence behaviors that promote group-solidarity and a consistent male and female labor force needed in the depauperate environment of the Venezuelan llanos and low food returns these foragers experience. The use of museum collections in my research has allowed me to see these economic constraints outside of my anthropological lifetime and get a deeper temporal view of raw material availability and its influence on technological design for this group of foragers, as well as other behaviors of interest that can be addressed through aspects of curated artifacts and documentation.

Hello

Several useful papers are given below:

Rumen Manolov (2017). Reporting single-case design studies: Advice in relation to the designs’ methodological and analytical peculiarities. Anuario de Psicología (2017) 47, 45---55. http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/Anuario-psicologia/article/viewFile/20759/22705

Christine A. Crumbacher (2013). Examining Treatment Effects for Single-Case ABAB Designs through Sensitivity Analyses. Ph.D. thesishttps://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1357670024/inline

Justin D. Smith. Single-Case Experimental Designs: A Systematic Review of Published Research and Current Standards. Psychol Methods. 2012 Dec; 17(4): 10.1037/a0029312.

Regards,

Zuhair

Actually i meant to suggest Social Network Analysis since he wants to study political networking (knitting) among national assembly members

This is a great question and one I recently took a stab at answering: https://works.bepress.com/daniel_aldrich/42/

In clinical case studies in psychology, to be published, is it mandatory to have an Ethics Committee approval? Would you have to do a project before the overture, even without knowing how the case will be developed?

you asked. I have done so that I took in written informed consent from my case of Miss P (Miss B Pursues Death and Miss P Life in the Light of V. E. Frankl’s Existential Analysis/ Logotherapy). You can read in the method section how I did it.

Whether case study is a suitable approach, and how many you need, will depend on the questions that the research is trying to answer/ explore. Case studies are not usually suitable if you are trying to generalise and formulate new theory, but they are good for exploring a single phenomenon in great depth and providing new insights which can help us to understand theoretical concepts more clearly. This is something to discuss with your Masters Thesis supervisor, who should be able to help you work out the best approach.

In the context of university's setting tangible resources refer to all physical assets and facilities whereas the intangible resources cover the human experts, technologies, knowledge, brand, goodwill, distinctive processes, working cultures etc. Capabilities are performance capacities that lead to organisations' core competencies and superior performance. Please refer to the seminal paper of Barney (1991). Regards, sazali

cloudsim, open stack, Open Cloud Testbed (OCT) , Amazon EC2, Open Cirrus

Conducting a scientific research is to resolve a research problem / address a research gap. You can better frame your research question(s) after you'd identified what is the research problem / problem statement & research objective(s). All your research questions need to be answered after you'd completed your research.

I have some comments based on your question above:

Dear Khaliq,

Emerging themes might fit better with the inductive approach - as Professor Morgan said, which devotes to letting your data speak for themselves, rather than predetermining a framework and force your data into it.

To make themes emerge, we need to engage deeply with our data. How to engage depends on the methodological approach/strategy you use. For instance, grounded theory method (Corbin and Strauss 1990), Case study (Merriam 1998; Stake 1995; Yin 2013); Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke 2006), and so forth. Miles and Huberman (1994) provide a very comprehensive guide on how to conduct qualitative data analysis.

In general, the following patterns are practiced to obtain emerging themes:

Hope this helps.

Best.

In most developing countries the gap between the rich and the poor is wide due to the neglect of the rural areas where the majority of the less-privileged member of the society reside. Developing the rural areas will enhance their employment opportunities, increase their incomes and subsequently their standard of living.

A case study is not a controlled study where you can eliminate your results being a result of chance. As a result you are very limited as to drawing conclusions on the general population. Maybe you cay say "It is likely that our results are applicable in other situations".......................................... Being careful not to make direct conclusions