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Friedrich Lachmayer’s research while affiliated with Institute of Science and Technology Austria and other places

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Publications (96)


Principles of legal Visualization
  • Article

January 2025

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7 Reads

Jusletter IT

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Friedrich Lachmayer

Fig. 1: Diagram showing the key concepts discussed in this paper
Fig. 2: Diagrams illustrating decimal classification, thesaurus and ontology
Fig. 4: Expanding legal terms upwards and downwards
Fig. 6: Differences in legal consequences and properties
Fig. 7: Extraction of keywords and headnotes
  • Chapter
  • Full-text available

January 2025

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12 Reads

Mit Beiträgen von: Susanne Bachmann, Wie wird man Mitglied des Bundesrates? Christian Bergauer, Zur »Feststellungskompetenz« der datenschutzrechtlichen Aufsichtsbehörden in amtswegigen Verfahren sowie im Beschwerdeverfahren David Bierbauer, Learning Analytics: Analyse- und Auswertungsmöglichkeiten von Studierendendaten an öffentlichen Universitäten Peter Burgstaller, Die Verschränkung von Datenschutz- und Informationssicherheitsrecht bei Gesundheitsdaten – Ein Überblick Vytautas Čyras • Friedrich Lachmayer, Keywording of Legal Information and the Expansion of Thesaurus Relations in the Context of Artificial Intelligence Sara Daveloose, Historische Grundlagen des Individualantrags Sonja Dürager, DSGVO trifft auf Machine Learning – Eine Analyse dieses scheinbar unlösbaren Konflikts Jens Eckhardt, Die Datenschutzrechtliche Verkehrssicherungspflicht Rudolf Feik, Wolf, »Alm-Schaf« und Herdenschutz(hund) Johannes W. Flume, Taming AI: Das digitale Gewährleistungsrecht als Zuchtmeister von KI-Systemen? Nikolaus Forgó • Catherine Liko, Künstliche Intelligenz in der Lehre: Wo stehen wir? Claudia Fuchs, Lange (Konzessions-)Verträge und vorbehaltene Märkte Claudia Gabauer, Sekundärnutzung von elektronischen Gesundheitsdaten auf Grundlage des Entwurfs einer Verordnung über den Europäischen Raum für Gesundheitsdaten (EHDS) Karim Giese, Der rechtswidrige Freizeitwohnsitz Elisabeth Hödl, Dietmar Jahnel und die Drei Ebenen Markus Holzweber • Nikolaus Forgó, Graz – Salzburg – Wien András Jakab, Methodologische und moralische Dilemmata für Verfassungsrechtswissenschaftler in autokratisierenden Ländern Sonja Janisch, Die Haftung des Datenschutzbeauftragten Reinhard Klaushofer, Barrierefreiheit und digitale Welt Benjamin Kneihs, Zur Verfassungswidrigkeit der §§ 54f des Salzburger Grundverkehrsgesetzes Rainer Knyrim • Stephan Varga, Das Informationsfreiheitsgesetz im Spannungsverhältnis mit der DSGVO Waltraut Kotschy, Überlegungen zum Begriff des »Verantwortlichen« iSd DSGVO Sebastian Krempelmeier, Grund- und datenschutzrechtliche Überlegungen zu VfGH 14. 12. 2023, G 352/2021 (Sicherstellung von Datenträgern) Hanna Maria Kreuzbauer, AI Ethics: A Systematic Approach Konrad Lachmayer, Künstliche Intelligenz, Pluralität und Demokratie Georg Lienbacher, Juristische Personen und Datenschutz – VfGH vom 12. März 2024, E 3436/2023 Sebastian Meyer, Rechtsmissbrauch im Datenschutzrecht Michael M. Pachinger, Datenschutz-Verträge im Konzern Angelika Pallwein-Prettner, Einsichtnahme in berufliche E-Mail-Postfächer ausgeschiedener Arbeitnehmer Heike Randl, Mehr als drei Jahrzehnte Ausgleichsregelung im Salzburger Naturschutzgesetz oder Wie viel ist (uns) die Natur wert? Diogo Sasdelli • Bianca Steffes, Rechtsdatenbanken zwischen Logik und Praxis Peter Schartner, Von der Schwierigkeit, Daten zu löschen Günther Schefbeck, Parlamente und KI Matthias Schmidl, Auswirkungen der DSGVO auf die österreichische (Verfassungs)Rechtsordnung Thomas Rainer Schmitt, Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten von Bezugsberechtigten durch Verwertungsgesellschaften Erich Schweighofer, »Öffentlich zugängliche Daten« – eine datenschutzrechtliche Verortung Eva Souhrada-Kirchmayer, Informationsfreiheits-Gesetzespaket: Zur Rolle der Gerichtsbarkeit Elisabeth Staudegger, Der »risikobasierte Ansatz« der DSGVO – eine digitale Spurensuche Clemens Thiele, Strafbares Fotografieren an Unglücksstellen – Wie viele Gaffer-Paragrafen braucht es denn? Jessica Wagner, Keine Krise ohne Datenschutz – Die besondere Verarbeitungsregeln im Katastrophenfall Rolf H. Weber, Datenschutz-Compliance beim Einsatz von KI-Systemen Roland Winkler, Systemgerechtigkeit und Invalidation des § 56 Abs 4 Z 2 lit c) Salzburger Raumordnungsgesetz 2009 Edvin Zukic, Derogationsfragen im Verhältnis zwischen einfachem Gesetz und Durchführungsverordnung



May 2023

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12 Reads

This chapter reviews visualisations in legal informatics by asking the question “How is multidimensionality exploited?”. We focus on the transition from traditional rule-based linear textual representation such as ‘if A then B’ to two- and three-dimensional ones and films. A methodology of visualisation with the thought pattern of tertium comparationis can be attributed to Arthur Kaufmann. A tertium visualisation aims at a mental bridge between different languages. We explore how visuals are constructed and what types can be found here.


May 2023

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6 Reads

With the transition from a text culture to a machine culture, the language changes, too. The language of the machine culture is the formal logic that is adequate for the machine, but not in the same way for people in their everyday language usage. In the mainstream of greater rationalisation, logic is increasingly used in legislation, especially allowing only correct interpretations. However, logic is not the only instrument which can be used to shape and improve legislative rationality. In the neighbourhood of logic there are further methods which can find application in structuring legislative texts. We propose to supplement legislative documents ex ante with explicit logic-oriented information which is relevant to ontologies and taxonomies. This information in a form of a mini-thesaurus can already be used in ex ante legislative procedure, and should not be added only in the ex post analysis of legal documentation.


May 2023

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64 Reads

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2 Citations

Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law is among the most prominent and influential legal theories. Kelsen’s book (1967) contains neither logical notation nor pictures, only text. In spite of this, our impression is that Kelsen himself had a very clear imagination. We make an attempt to visualise his theoretical models because it is important for legal informatics. Explicit visualisations of the structures of law and their theoretical representations are significant for the development of legal ontologies. Visuals also contribute to legal education and an understanding of the law that is expressed in a non-textual mode. In particular, the legal machinery has a non-textual effect in legal situations.


May 2023

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17 Reads

This chapter discusses the notion of legal meaning from the point of view of semiotics. Logic can be applied to the meta-level of law, and offers instruments for formal structuring in both law and legal science. From the perspective of a meta-level or a meta-meta-level, there are, however, other approaches that offer means for giving structure. These include semiotics, which is typically divided into syntax, semantics and pragmatics.


May 2023

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3 Reads

This chapter explores the characterisation of four types of cases. The context is solving cases by computers. Standard cases correspond to the German Normfall, which was introduced by Fritjof Haft. Standard cases (also clear cases) are important in automated form proceedings and are cases that can be made subject to legal machines. A hard case needs a court decision and cannot be solved by computers. Emergency cases have recently been actively discussed. They appear in unexpected and exceptional situations in which there cannot be a differentiated ex post assessment by the authorities, but there must be a rapid decision by the actors themselves in a time-critical situation. Scurrile cases (German skurrile Fälle, Latin adj. scurrilis, noun scurra—clown, buffoon; he can also cure) mean bizarre ones and no connotation of rude or indecent. Scurrile cases can be used for learning purposes. Scurrile cases, which are examples of hypothetical cases, can be used in legal argumentation according to the doctrine of precedent.


May 2023

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3 Reads

This chapter addresses the textual granularity of representation of law. Thus, both law and legal documentation are concerned. The word granularity questions what the smallest entity is. Furthermore, two standpoints are concerned—law and legal informatics—and building a bridge between these two realms is discussed.


May 2023

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19 Reads

A novelty in this chapter is that legal subsumption is divided into two steps: cognitive (also known as factual or terminological) subsumption and normative subsumption. Subsumption refers to the application of the law, or more precisely, the application of a norm to a fact, thus concluding the legal qualification.


Citations (21)


... Tertium comparationis (Cyras;Lachmayer, 2023;Cornille, 2023) is used by the author to understand the similarities and differences between these two languages. Each language often brings different values, perspectives, and approaches to concepts. ...

Reference:

Comparing synonymous adjectives in Vietnamese and English
  • Citing Chapter
  • May 2023

... Combining a textual formalism (like the normal form) with a visual one (like the diagrams) offers several advantages. Legal visualisations can be defined as human-oriented, (semi-) formal, pictorial (rather than verbal) knowledge management structures or visual representations in a general sense (Cyras & Lachmayer, 2023). Overall, depending on the goal pursued, visualisations found in the literature display different degrees of abstraction and formalism. ...

  • Citing Book
  • January 2023

... The most prolific author was Lachmayer 2 with nine papers, e.g. (Čyras et al., 2015Čyras & Lachmayer, 2020;Lachmayer & Čyras, 2021), followed by Čyras 3 with eight publications in AIL Interestingly, all the papers he co-authored were by Lachmayer. The third position was held by Lettieri 4 and Malandrino 5 with seven (7), e.g., (Lettieri et al., 2016(Lettieri et al., , 2017(Lettieri et al., , 2018. ...

... 1 We, however, maintain that machines have to be not monsters. 2 252 26 Towards Human Digitalities The line of evolution from plants to animals to human beings to machines (Čyras and Lachmayer 2020) The area of digital humanities belongs to the world of human beings, whereas the area of human digitalities belongs to the world of machines (see Fig. 26.3). ...

Jusletter IT

... Since these evaluations concern past facts and events whose truth is approximated according to the burden of proof, the legal reasoning performed therein does not involve uncertain information. However, since the purpose of compliance checking is to evaluate a past state of affairs from a strictly legal viewpoint (i.e., to determine if an action or state of affairs 5 Case here is meant as defined by Č yras and Lachmayer [ 17], as opposed to situation. Situations concern the future and are related with ex-ante analysis, whereas cases are related with ex-post, being concerned with the past; this implies that certain judgments (e.g., preliminary rulings) which are not taken ex post are not considered in the present work. ...

... We produced Venn diagrams for each country, visually representing the scope of each term. This format was chosen because, like legal definitions, Venn diagrams serve to define mutually exclusive categories and deal with overlaps in contexts of complex relationships among concepts (Pirooznia et al., 2007;Berger-Walliser et al., 2017;Č yras et al., 2018). Diagramming involved iterative reviews of definitions, their scopes, delineations, and overlaps. ...

... The most prolific author was Lachmayer 2 with nine papers, e.g. (Čyras et al., 2015Čyras & Lachmayer, 2020;Lachmayer & Čyras, 2021), followed by Čyras 3 with eight publications in AIL Interestingly, all the papers he co-authored were by Lachmayer. The third position was held by Lettieri 4 and Malandrino 5 with seven (7), e.g., (Lettieri et al., 2016(Lettieri et al., , 2017(Lettieri et al., , 2018. ...

... In sum, Kelsen concentrated on the dualism of Is and Ought. 58 7 Is and Ought (2) Is-Ought dualism considered generally in law (Čyras and Lachmayer 2018) The Dualism of Is and Ought Kelsen holds that Ought does not follow from Is. 2 In formal logic, no indicative statement logically follows from a modal oughtstatement. In other words, Obligatory p does not imply p. ...

Reference:

Is and Ought

... Nevertheless, textuality continues to play a primary role in the law: after all, before the advent of written law, the law was mainly situational and customary (Cyras et al. 2018), while the reception of Roman law, the cornerstone of any European civil law system, was possible only through textualization since the appearance of the duodecim tabularum leges. However, the increasing complexity of legal systems (Katz et al. 2020) and the increase in legislative production strictly related to the fast-paced advancement of technology (Feigenson et al. 2006) put into question the way in which lawyers have been interacting with the law so far. ...

... The actors compete to achieve a Fig. 19.1 Three layers of the subject matter. Dotted arrows show the use of logic and rhetoric on the meta-level and dashed arrows show argumentation (Čyras and Lachmayer 2015) draft (see Fig. 19.1). The adversarial actors can also be called parties. ...

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